curl/lib/vtls/vtls.c

/***************************************************************************
 *                                  _   _ ____  _
 *  Project                     ___| | | |  _ \| |
 *                             / __| | | | |_) | |
 *                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
 *                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1998 - 2020, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
 *
 * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
 * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
 * are also available at https://curl.se/docs/copyright.html.
 *
 * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
 *
 * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.
 *
 ***************************************************************************/

/* This file is for implementing all "generic" SSL functions that all libcurl
   internals should use. It is then responsible for calling the proper
   "backend" function.

   SSL-functions in libcurl should call functions in this source file, and not
   to any specific SSL-layer.

   Curl_ssl_ - prefix for generic ones

   Note that this source code uses the functions of the configured SSL
   backend via the global Curl_ssl instance.

   "SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction"
   https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/ssl/ssl_intro.html
*/

#include "curl_setup.h"

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
#include <sys/types.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#include "urldata.h"

#include "vtls.h" /* generic SSL protos etc */
#include "slist.h"
#include "sendf.h"
#include "strcase.h"
#include "url.h"
#include "progress.h"
#include "share.h"
#include "multiif.h"
#include "timeval.h"
#include "curl_md5.h"
#include "warnless.h"
#include "curl_base64.h"
#include "curl_printf.h"
#include "strdup.h"

/* The last #include files should be: */
#include "curl_memory.h"
#include "memdebug.h"

/* convenience macro to check if this handle is using a shared SSL session */
#define SSLSESSION_SHARED(data) (data->share &&                        \
                                 (data->share->specifier &             \
                                  (1<<CURL_LOCK_DATA_SSL_SESSION)))

#define CLONE_STRING(var)                    \
  do {                                       \
    if(source->var) {                        \
      dest->var = strdup(source->var);       \
      if(!dest->var)                         \
        return FALSE;                        \
    }                                        \
    else                                     \
      dest->var = NULL;                      \
  } while(0)

#define CLONE_BLOB(var)                        \
  do {                                         \
    if(blobdup(&dest->var, source->var))       \
      return FALSE;                            \
  } while(0)

static CURLcode blobdup(struct curl_blob **dest,
                        struct curl_blob *src)
{
  DEBUGASSERT(dest);
  DEBUGASSERT(!*dest);
  if(src) {
    /* only if there's data to dupe! */
    struct curl_blob *d;
    d = malloc(sizeof(struct curl_blob) + src->len);
    if(!d)
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    d->len = src->len;
    /* Always duplicate because the connection may survive longer than the
       handle that passed in the blob. */
    d->flags = CURL_BLOB_COPY;
    d->data = (void *)((char *)d + sizeof(struct curl_blob));
    memcpy(d->data, src->data, src->len);
    *dest = d;
  }
  return CURLE_OK;
}

/* returns TRUE if the blobs are identical */
static bool blobcmp(struct curl_blob *first, struct curl_blob *second)
{
  if(!first && !second) /* both are NULL */
    return TRUE;
  if(!first || !second) /* one is NULL */
    return FALSE;
  if(first->len != second->len) /* different sizes */
    return FALSE;
  return !memcmp(first->data, second->data, first->len); /* same data */
}

bool
Curl_ssl_config_matches(struct ssl_primary_config *data,
                        struct ssl_primary_config *needle)
{
  if((data->version == needle->version) &&
     (data->version_max == needle->version_max) &&
     (data->verifypeer == needle->verifypeer) &&
     (data->verifyhost == needle->verifyhost) &&
     (data->verifystatus == needle->verifystatus) &&
     blobcmp(data->cert_blob, needle->cert_blob) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->CApath, needle->CApath) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->CAfile, needle->CAfile) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->clientcert, needle->clientcert) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->random_file, needle->random_file) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->egdsocket, needle->egdsocket) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->cipher_list, needle->cipher_list) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->cipher_list13, needle->cipher_list13) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->curves, needle->curves) &&
     Curl_safe_strcasecompare(data->pinned_key, needle->pinned_key))
    return TRUE;

  return FALSE;
}

bool
Curl_clone_primary_ssl_config(struct ssl_primary_config *source,
                              struct ssl_primary_config *dest)
{
  dest->version = source->version;
  dest->version_max = source->version_max;
  dest->verifypeer = source->verifypeer;
  dest->verifyhost = source->verifyhost;
  dest->verifystatus = source->verifystatus;
  dest->sessionid = source->sessionid;

  CLONE_BLOB(cert_blob);
  CLONE_STRING(CApath);
  CLONE_STRING(CAfile);
  CLONE_STRING(clientcert);
  CLONE_STRING(random_file);
  CLONE_STRING(egdsocket);
  CLONE_STRING(cipher_list);
  CLONE_STRING(cipher_list13);
  CLONE_STRING(pinned_key);
  CLONE_STRING(curves);

  return TRUE;
}

void Curl_free_primary_ssl_config(struct ssl_primary_config *sslc)
{
  Curl_safefree(sslc->CApath);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->CAfile);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->clientcert);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->random_file);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->egdsocket);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->cipher_list);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->cipher_list13);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->pinned_key);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->cert_blob);
  Curl_safefree(sslc->curves);
}

#ifdef USE_SSL
static int multissl_init(const struct Curl_ssl *backend);
#endif

int Curl_ssl_backend(void)
{
#ifdef USE_SSL
  multissl_init(NULL);
  return Curl_ssl->info.id;
#else
  return (int)CURLSSLBACKEND_NONE;
#endif
}

#ifdef USE_SSL

/* "global" init done? */
static bool init_ssl = FALSE;

/**
 * Global SSL init
 *
 * @retval 0 error initializing SSL
 * @retval 1 SSL initialized successfully
 */
int Curl_ssl_init(void)
{
  /* make sure this is only done once */
  if(init_ssl)
    return 1;
  init_ssl = TRUE; /* never again */

  return Curl_ssl->init();
}

#if defined(CURL_WITH_MULTI_SSL)
static const struct Curl_ssl Curl_ssl_multi;
#endif

/* Global cleanup */
void Curl_ssl_cleanup(void)
{
  if(init_ssl) {
    /* only cleanup if we did a previous init */
    Curl_ssl->cleanup();
#if defined(CURL_WITH_MULTI_SSL)
    Curl_ssl = &Curl_ssl_multi;
#endif
    init_ssl = FALSE;
  }
}

static bool ssl_prefs_check(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  /* check for CURLOPT_SSLVERSION invalid parameter value */
  const long sslver = data->set.ssl.primary.version;
  if((sslver < 0) || (sslver >= CURL_SSLVERSION_LAST)) {
    failf(data, "Unrecognized parameter value passed via CURLOPT_SSLVERSION");
    return FALSE;
  }

  switch(data->set.ssl.primary.version_max) {
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_NONE:
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_DEFAULT:
    break;

  default:
    if((data->set.ssl.primary.version_max >> 16) < sslver) {
      failf(data, "CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX incompatible with CURL_SSLVERSION");
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  return TRUE;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
static CURLcode
ssl_connect_init_proxy(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  DEBUGASSERT(conn->bits.proxy_ssl_connected[sockindex]);
  if(ssl_connection_complete == conn->ssl[sockindex].state &&
     !conn->proxy_ssl[sockindex].use) {
    struct ssl_backend_data *pbdata;

    if(!(Curl_ssl->supports & SSLSUPP_HTTPS_PROXY))
      return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;

    /* The pointers to the ssl backend data, which is opaque here, are swapped
       rather than move the contents. */
    pbdata = conn->proxy_ssl[sockindex].backend;
    conn->proxy_ssl[sockindex] = conn->ssl[sockindex];

    memset(&conn->ssl[sockindex], 0, sizeof(conn->ssl[sockindex]));
    memset(pbdata, 0, Curl_ssl->sizeof_ssl_backend_data);

    conn->ssl[sockindex].backend = pbdata;
  }
  return CURLE_OK;
}
#endif

CURLcode
Curl_ssl_connect(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  CURLcode result;

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
  if(conn->bits.proxy_ssl_connected[sockindex]) {
    result = ssl_connect_init_proxy(conn, sockindex);
    if(result)
      return result;
  }
#endif

  if(!ssl_prefs_check(conn->data))
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;

  /* mark this is being ssl-enabled from here on. */
  conn->ssl[sockindex].use = TRUE;
  conn->ssl[sockindex].state = ssl_connection_negotiating;

  result = Curl_ssl->connect_blocking(conn, sockindex);

  if(!result)
    Curl_pgrsTime(conn->data, TIMER_APPCONNECT); /* SSL is connected */

  return result;
}

CURLcode
Curl_ssl_connect_nonblocking(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex,
                             bool *done)
{
  CURLcode result;
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
  if(conn->bits.proxy_ssl_connected[sockindex]) {
    result = ssl_connect_init_proxy(conn, sockindex);
    if(result)
      return result;
  }
#endif
  if(!ssl_prefs_check(conn->data))
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;

  /* mark this is being ssl requested from here on. */
  conn->ssl[sockindex].use = TRUE;
  result = Curl_ssl->connect_nonblocking(conn, sockindex, done);
  if(!result && *done)
    Curl_pgrsTime(conn->data, TIMER_APPCONNECT); /* SSL is connected */
  return result;
}

/*
 * Lock shared SSL session data
 */
void Curl_ssl_sessionid_lock(struct connectdata *conn)
{
  if(SSLSESSION_SHARED(conn->data))
    Curl_share_lock(conn->data,
                    CURL_LOCK_DATA_SSL_SESSION, CURL_LOCK_ACCESS_SINGLE);
}

/*
 * Unlock shared SSL session data
 */
void Curl_ssl_sessionid_unlock(struct connectdata *conn)
{
  if(SSLSESSION_SHARED(conn->data))
    Curl_share_unlock(conn->data, CURL_LOCK_DATA_SSL_SESSION);
}

/*
 * Check if there's a session ID for the given connection in the cache, and if
 * there's one suitable, it is provided. Returns TRUE when no entry matched.
 */
bool Curl_ssl_getsessionid(struct connectdata *conn,
                           void **ssl_sessionid,
                           size_t *idsize, /* set 0 if unknown */
                           int sockindex)
{
  struct Curl_ssl_session *check;
  struct Curl_easy *data = conn->data;
  size_t i;
  long *general_age;
  bool no_match = TRUE;

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
  const bool isProxy = CONNECT_PROXY_SSL();
  struct ssl_primary_config * const ssl_config = isProxy ?
    &conn->proxy_ssl_config :
    &conn->ssl_config;
  const char * const name = isProxy ?
    conn->http_proxy.host.name : conn->host.name;
  int port = isProxy ? (int)conn->port : conn->remote_port;
#else
  /* no proxy support */
  struct ssl_primary_config * const ssl_config = &conn->ssl_config;
  const char * const name = conn->host.name;
  int port = conn->remote_port;
  (void)sockindex;
#endif
  *ssl_sessionid = NULL;

  DEBUGASSERT(SSL_SET_OPTION(primary.sessionid));

  if(!SSL_SET_OPTION(primary.sessionid))
    /* session ID re-use is disabled */
    return TRUE;

  /* Lock if shared */
  if(SSLSESSION_SHARED(data))
    general_age = &data->share->sessionage;
  else
    general_age = &data->state.sessionage;

  for(i = 0; i < data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions; i++) {
    check = &data->state.session[i];
    if(!check->sessionid)
      /* not session ID means blank entry */
      continue;
    if(strcasecompare(name, check->name) &&
       ((!conn->bits.conn_to_host && !check->conn_to_host) ||
        (conn->bits.conn_to_host && check->conn_to_host &&
         strcasecompare(conn->conn_to_host.name, check->conn_to_host))) &&
       ((!conn->bits.conn_to_port && check->conn_to_port == -1) ||
        (conn->bits.conn_to_port && check->conn_to_port != -1 &&
         conn->conn_to_port == check->conn_to_port)) &&
       (port == check->remote_port) &&
       strcasecompare(conn->handler->scheme, check->scheme) &&
       Curl_ssl_config_matches(ssl_config, &check->ssl_config)) {
      /* yes, we have a session ID! */
      (*general_age)++;          /* increase general age */
      check->age = *general_age; /* set this as used in this age */
      *ssl_sessionid = check->sessionid;
      if(idsize)
        *idsize = check->idsize;
      no_match = FALSE;
      break;
    }
  }

  return no_match;
}

/*
 * Kill a single session ID entry in the cache.
 */
void Curl_ssl_kill_session(struct Curl_ssl_session *session)
{
  if(session->sessionid) {
    /* defensive check */

    /* free the ID the SSL-layer specific way */
    Curl_ssl->session_free(session->sessionid);

    session->sessionid = NULL;
    session->age = 0; /* fresh */

    Curl_free_primary_ssl_config(&session->ssl_config);

    Curl_safefree(session->name);
    Curl_safefree(session->conn_to_host);
  }
}

/*
 * Delete the given session ID from the cache.
 */
void Curl_ssl_delsessionid(struct connectdata *conn, void *ssl_sessionid)
{
  size_t i;
  struct Curl_easy *data = conn->data;

  for(i = 0; i < data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions; i++) {
    struct Curl_ssl_session *check = &data->state.session[i];

    if(check->sessionid == ssl_sessionid) {
      Curl_ssl_kill_session(check);
      break;
    }
  }
}

/*
 * Store session id in the session cache. The ID passed on to this function
 * must already have been extracted and allocated the proper way for the SSL
 * layer. Curl_XXXX_session_free() will be called to free/kill the session ID
 * later on.
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_addsessionid(struct connectdata *conn,
                               void *ssl_sessionid,
                               size_t idsize,
                               int sockindex)
{
  size_t i;
  struct Curl_easy *data = conn->data; /* the mother of all structs */
  struct Curl_ssl_session *store = &data->state.session[0];
  long oldest_age = data->state.session[0].age; /* zero if unused */
  char *clone_host;
  char *clone_conn_to_host;
  int conn_to_port;
  long *general_age;
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
  const bool isProxy = CONNECT_PROXY_SSL();
  struct ssl_primary_config * const ssl_config = isProxy ?
    &conn->proxy_ssl_config :
    &conn->ssl_config;
  const char *hostname = isProxy ? conn->http_proxy.host.name :
    conn->host.name;
#else
  /* proxy support disabled */
  const bool isProxy = FALSE;
  struct ssl_primary_config * const ssl_config = &conn->ssl_config;
  const char *hostname = conn->host.name;
  (void)sockindex;
#endif
  DEBUGASSERT(SSL_SET_OPTION(primary.sessionid));

  clone_host = strdup(hostname);
  if(!clone_host)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY; /* bail out */

  if(conn->bits.conn_to_host) {
    clone_conn_to_host = strdup(conn->conn_to_host.name);
    if(!clone_conn_to_host) {
      free(clone_host);
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY; /* bail out */
    }
  }
  else
    clone_conn_to_host = NULL;

  if(conn->bits.conn_to_port)
    conn_to_port = conn->conn_to_port;
  else
    conn_to_port = -1;

  /* Now we should add the session ID and the host name to the cache, (remove
     the oldest if necessary) */

  /* If using shared SSL session, lock! */
  if(SSLSESSION_SHARED(data)) {
    general_age = &data->share->sessionage;
  }
  else {
    general_age = &data->state.sessionage;
  }

  /* find an empty slot for us, or find the oldest */
  for(i = 1; (i < data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions) &&
        data->state.session[i].sessionid; i++) {
    if(data->state.session[i].age < oldest_age) {
      oldest_age = data->state.session[i].age;
      store = &data->state.session[i];
    }
  }
  if(i == data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions)
    /* cache is full, we must "kill" the oldest entry! */
    Curl_ssl_kill_session(store);
  else
    store = &data->state.session[i]; /* use this slot */

  /* now init the session struct wisely */
  store->sessionid = ssl_sessionid;
  store->idsize = idsize;
  store->age = *general_age;    /* set current age */
  /* free it if there's one already present */
  free(store->name);
  free(store->conn_to_host);
  store->name = clone_host;               /* clone host name */
  store->conn_to_host = clone_conn_to_host; /* clone connect to host name */
  store->conn_to_port = conn_to_port; /* connect to port number */
  /* port number */
  store->remote_port = isProxy ? (int)conn->port : conn->remote_port;
  store->scheme = conn->handler->scheme;

  if(!Curl_clone_primary_ssl_config(ssl_config, &store->ssl_config)) {
    Curl_free_primary_ssl_config(&store->ssl_config);
    store->sessionid = NULL; /* let caller free sessionid */
    free(clone_host);
    free(clone_conn_to_host);
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  return CURLE_OK;
}


void Curl_ssl_close_all(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  /* kill the session ID cache if not shared */
  if(data->state.session && !SSLSESSION_SHARED(data)) {
    size_t i;
    for(i = 0; i < data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions; i++)
      /* the single-killer function handles empty table slots */
      Curl_ssl_kill_session(&data->state.session[i]);

    /* free the cache data */
    Curl_safefree(data->state.session);
  }

  Curl_ssl->close_all(data);
}

#if defined(USE_OPENSSL) || defined(USE_GNUTLS) || defined(USE_SCHANNEL) || \
  defined(USE_SECTRANSP) || defined(USE_NSS) || \
  defined(USE_MBEDTLS) || defined(USE_WOLFSSL) || defined(USE_BEARSSL)
int Curl_ssl_getsock(struct connectdata *conn, curl_socket_t *socks)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = &conn->ssl[FIRSTSOCKET];

  if(connssl->connecting_state == ssl_connect_2_writing) {
    /* write mode */
    socks[0] = conn->sock[FIRSTSOCKET];
    return GETSOCK_WRITESOCK(0);
  }
  if(connssl->connecting_state == ssl_connect_2_reading) {
    /* read mode */
    socks[0] = conn->sock[FIRSTSOCKET];
    return GETSOCK_READSOCK(0);
  }

  return GETSOCK_BLANK;
}
#else
int Curl_ssl_getsock(struct connectdata *conn,
                     curl_socket_t *socks)
{
  (void)conn;
  (void)socks;
  return GETSOCK_BLANK;
}
/* USE_OPENSSL || USE_GNUTLS || USE_SCHANNEL || USE_SECTRANSP || USE_NSS */
#endif

void Curl_ssl_close(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  DEBUGASSERT((sockindex <= 1) && (sockindex >= -1));
  Curl_ssl->close_one(conn, sockindex);
  conn->ssl[sockindex].state = ssl_connection_none;
}

CURLcode Curl_ssl_shutdown(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  if(Curl_ssl->shut_down(conn, sockindex))
    return CURLE_SSL_SHUTDOWN_FAILED;

  conn->ssl[sockindex].use = FALSE; /* get back to ordinary socket usage */
  conn->ssl[sockindex].state = ssl_connection_none;

  conn->recv[sockindex] = Curl_recv_plain;
  conn->send[sockindex] = Curl_send_plain;

  return CURLE_OK;
}

/* Selects an SSL crypto engine
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_set_engine(struct Curl_easy *data, const char *engine)
{
  return Curl_ssl->set_engine(data, engine);
}

/* Selects the default SSL crypto engine
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_set_engine_default(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  return Curl_ssl->set_engine_default(data);
}

/* Return list of OpenSSL crypto engine names. */
struct curl_slist *Curl_ssl_engines_list(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  return Curl_ssl->engines_list(data);
}

/*
 * This sets up a session ID cache to the specified size. Make sure this code
 * is agnostic to what underlying SSL technology we use.
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_initsessions(struct Curl_easy *data, size_t amount)
{
  struct Curl_ssl_session *session;

  if(data->state.session)
    /* this is just a precaution to prevent multiple inits */
    return CURLE_OK;

  session = calloc(amount, sizeof(struct Curl_ssl_session));
  if(!session)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  /* store the info in the SSL section */
  data->set.general_ssl.max_ssl_sessions = amount;
  data->state.session = session;
  data->state.sessionage = 1; /* this is brand new */
  return CURLE_OK;
}

static size_t Curl_multissl_version(char *buffer, size_t size);

size_t Curl_ssl_version(char *buffer, size_t size)
{
#ifdef CURL_WITH_MULTI_SSL
  return Curl_multissl_version(buffer, size);
#else
  return Curl_ssl->version(buffer, size);
#endif
}

/*
 * This function tries to determine connection status.
 *
 * Return codes:
 *     1 means the connection is still in place
 *     0 means the connection has been closed
 *    -1 means the connection status is unknown
 */
int Curl_ssl_check_cxn(struct connectdata *conn)
{
  return Curl_ssl->check_cxn(conn);
}

bool Curl_ssl_data_pending(const struct connectdata *conn,
                           int connindex)
{
  return Curl_ssl->data_pending(conn, connindex);
}

void Curl_ssl_free_certinfo(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct curl_certinfo *ci = &data->info.certs;

  if(ci->num_of_certs) {
    /* free all individual lists used */
    int i;
    for(i = 0; i<ci->num_of_certs; i++) {
      curl_slist_free_all(ci->certinfo[i]);
      ci->certinfo[i] = NULL;
    }

    free(ci->certinfo); /* free the actual array too */
    ci->certinfo = NULL;
    ci->num_of_certs = 0;
  }
}

CURLcode Curl_ssl_init_certinfo(struct Curl_easy *data, int num)
{
  struct curl_certinfo *ci = &data->info.certs;
  struct curl_slist **table;

  /* Free any previous certificate information structures */
  Curl_ssl_free_certinfo(data);

  /* Allocate the required certificate information structures */
  table = calloc((size_t) num, sizeof(struct curl_slist *));
  if(!table)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  ci->num_of_certs = num;
  ci->certinfo = table;

  return CURLE_OK;
}

/*
 * 'value' is NOT a null-terminated string
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_push_certinfo_len(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                    int certnum,
                                    const char *label,
                                    const char *value,
                                    size_t valuelen)
{
  struct curl_certinfo *ci = &data->info.certs;
  char *output;
  struct curl_slist *nl;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  size_t labellen = strlen(label);
  size_t outlen = labellen + 1 + valuelen + 1; /* label:value\0 */

  output = malloc(outlen);
  if(!output)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  /* sprintf the label and colon */
  msnprintf(output, outlen, "%s:", label);

  /* memcpy the value (it might not be null-terminated) */
  memcpy(&output[labellen + 1], value, valuelen);

  /* null-terminate the output */
  output[labellen + 1 + valuelen] = 0;

  nl = Curl_slist_append_nodup(ci->certinfo[certnum], output);
  if(!nl) {
    free(output);
    curl_slist_free_all(ci->certinfo[certnum]);
    result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  ci->certinfo[certnum] = nl;
  return result;
}

/*
 * This is a convenience function for push_certinfo_len that takes a zero
 * terminated value.
 */
CURLcode Curl_ssl_push_certinfo(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                int certnum,
                                const char *label,
                                const char *value)
{
  size_t valuelen = strlen(value);

  return Curl_ssl_push_certinfo_len(data, certnum, label, value, valuelen);
}

CURLcode Curl_ssl_random(struct Curl_easy *data,
                         unsigned char *entropy,
                         size_t length)
{
  return Curl_ssl->random(data, entropy, length);
}

/*
 * Public key pem to der conversion
 */

static CURLcode pubkey_pem_to_der(const char *pem,
                                  unsigned char **der, size_t *der_len)
{
  char *stripped_pem, *begin_pos, *end_pos;
  size_t pem_count, stripped_pem_count = 0, pem_len;
  CURLcode result;

  /* if no pem, exit. */
  if(!pem)
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;

  begin_pos = strstr(pem, "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----");
  if(!begin_pos)
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;

  pem_count = begin_pos - pem;
  /* Invalid if not at beginning AND not directly following \n */
  if(0 != pem_count && '\n' != pem[pem_count - 1])
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;

  /* 26 is length of "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----" */
  pem_count += 26;

  /* Invalid if not directly following \n */
  end_pos = strstr(pem + pem_count, "\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----");
  if(!end_pos)
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;

  pem_len = end_pos - pem;

  stripped_pem = malloc(pem_len - pem_count + 1);
  if(!stripped_pem)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  /*
   * Here we loop through the pem array one character at a time between the
   * correct indices, and place each character that is not '\n' or '\r'
   * into the stripped_pem array, which should represent the raw base64 string
   */
  while(pem_count < pem_len) {
    if('\n' != pem[pem_count] && '\r' != pem[pem_count])
      stripped_pem[stripped_pem_count++] = pem[pem_count];
    ++pem_count;
  }
  /* Place the null terminator in the correct place */
  stripped_pem[stripped_pem_count] = '\0';

  result = Curl_base64_decode(stripped_pem, der, der_len);

  Curl_safefree(stripped_pem);

  return result;
}

/*
 * Generic pinned public key check.
 */

CURLcode Curl_pin_peer_pubkey(struct Curl_easy *data,
                              const char *pinnedpubkey,
                              const unsigned char *pubkey, size_t pubkeylen)
{
  FILE *fp;
  unsigned char *buf = NULL, *pem_ptr = NULL;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_SSL_PINNEDPUBKEYNOTMATCH;

  /* if a path wasn't specified, don't pin */
  if(!pinnedpubkey)
    return CURLE_OK;
  if(!pubkey || !pubkeylen)
    return result;

  /* only do this if pinnedpubkey starts with "sha256//", length 8 */
  if(strncmp(pinnedpubkey, "sha256//", 8) == 0) {
    CURLcode encode;
    size_t encodedlen, pinkeylen;
    char *encoded, *pinkeycopy, *begin_pos, *end_pos;
    unsigned char *sha256sumdigest;

    if(!Curl_ssl->sha256sum) {
      /* without sha256 support, this cannot match */
      return result;
    }

    /* compute sha256sum of public key */
    sha256sumdigest = malloc(CURL_SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
    if(!sha256sumdigest)
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    encode = Curl_ssl->sha256sum(pubkey, pubkeylen,
                        sha256sumdigest, CURL_SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);

    if(encode != CURLE_OK)
      return encode;

    encode = Curl_base64_encode(data, (char *)sha256sumdigest,
                                CURL_SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH, &encoded,
                                &encodedlen);
    Curl_safefree(sha256sumdigest);

    if(encode)
      return encode;

    infof(data, "\t public key hash: sha256//%s\n", encoded);

    /* it starts with sha256//, copy so we can modify it */
    pinkeylen = strlen(pinnedpubkey) + 1;
    pinkeycopy = malloc(pinkeylen);
    if(!pinkeycopy) {
      Curl_safefree(encoded);
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    memcpy(pinkeycopy, pinnedpubkey, pinkeylen);
    /* point begin_pos to the copy, and start extracting keys */
    begin_pos = pinkeycopy;
    do {
      end_pos = strstr(begin_pos, ";sha256//");
      /*
       * if there is an end_pos, null terminate,
       * otherwise it'll go to the end of the original string
       */
      if(end_pos)
        end_pos[0] = '\0';

      /* compare base64 sha256 digests, 8 is the length of "sha256//" */
      if(encodedlen == strlen(begin_pos + 8) &&
         !memcmp(encoded, begin_pos + 8, encodedlen)) {
        result = CURLE_OK;
        break;
      }

      /*
       * change back the null-terminator we changed earlier,
       * and look for next begin
       */
      if(end_pos) {
        end_pos[0] = ';';
        begin_pos = strstr(end_pos, "sha256//");
      }
    } while(end_pos && begin_pos);
    Curl_safefree(encoded);
    Curl_safefree(pinkeycopy);
    return result;
  }

  fp = fopen(pinnedpubkey, "rb");
  if(!fp)
    return result;

  do {
    long filesize;
    size_t size, pem_len;
    CURLcode pem_read;

    /* Determine the file's size */
    if(fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END))
      break;
    filesize = ftell(fp);
    if(fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET))
      break;
    if(filesize < 0 || filesize > MAX_PINNED_PUBKEY_SIZE)
      break;

    /*
     * if the size of our certificate is bigger than the file
     * size then it can't match
     */
    size = curlx_sotouz((curl_off_t) filesize);
    if(pubkeylen > size)
      break;

    /*
     * Allocate buffer for the pinned key
     * With 1 additional byte for null terminator in case of PEM key
     */
    buf = malloc(size + 1);
    if(!buf)
      break;

    /* Returns number of elements read, which should be 1 */
    if((int) fread(buf, size, 1, fp) != 1)
      break;

    /* If the sizes are the same, it can't be base64 encoded, must be der */
    if(pubkeylen == size) {
      if(!memcmp(pubkey, buf, pubkeylen))
        result = CURLE_OK;
      break;
    }

    /*
     * Otherwise we will assume it's PEM and try to decode it
     * after placing null terminator
     */
    buf[size] = '\0';
    pem_read = pubkey_pem_to_der((const char *)buf, &pem_ptr, &pem_len);
    /* if it wasn't read successfully, exit */
    if(pem_read)
      break;

    /*
     * if the size of our certificate doesn't match the size of
     * the decoded file, they can't be the same, otherwise compare
     */
    if(pubkeylen == pem_len && !memcmp(pubkey, pem_ptr, pubkeylen))
      result = CURLE_OK;
  } while(0);

  Curl_safefree(buf);
  Curl_safefree(pem_ptr);
  fclose(fp);

  return result;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_CRYPTO_AUTH
CURLcode Curl_ssl_md5sum(unsigned char *tmp, /* input */
                         size_t tmplen,
                         unsigned char *md5sum, /* output */
                         size_t md5len)
{
  return Curl_ssl->md5sum(tmp, tmplen, md5sum, md5len);
}
#endif

/*
 * Check whether the SSL backend supports the status_request extension.
 */
bool Curl_ssl_cert_status_request(void)
{
  return Curl_ssl->cert_status_request();
}

/*
 * Check whether the SSL backend supports false start.
 */
bool Curl_ssl_false_start(void)
{
  return Curl_ssl->false_start();
}

/*
 * Check whether the SSL backend supports setting TLS 1.3 cipher suites
 */
bool Curl_ssl_tls13_ciphersuites(void)
{
  return Curl_ssl->supports & SSLSUPP_TLS13_CIPHERSUITES;
}

/*
 * Default implementations for unsupported functions.
 */

int Curl_none_init(void)
{
  return 1;
}

void Curl_none_cleanup(void)
{ }

int Curl_none_shutdown(struct connectdata *conn UNUSED_PARAM,
                       int sockindex UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)conn;
  (void)sockindex;
  return 0;
}

int Curl_none_check_cxn(struct connectdata *conn UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)conn;
  return -1;
}

CURLcode Curl_none_random(struct Curl_easy *data UNUSED_PARAM,
                          unsigned char *entropy UNUSED_PARAM,
                          size_t length UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)data;
  (void)entropy;
  (void)length;
  return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
}

void Curl_none_close_all(struct Curl_easy *data UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)data;
}

void Curl_none_session_free(void *ptr UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)ptr;
}

bool Curl_none_data_pending(const struct connectdata *conn UNUSED_PARAM,
                            int connindex UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)conn;
  (void)connindex;
  return 0;
}

bool Curl_none_cert_status_request(void)
{
  return FALSE;
}

CURLcode Curl_none_set_engine(struct Curl_easy *data UNUSED_PARAM,
                              const char *engine UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)data;
  (void)engine;
  return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
}

CURLcode Curl_none_set_engine_default(struct Curl_easy *data UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)data;
  return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
}

struct curl_slist *Curl_none_engines_list(struct Curl_easy *data UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)data;
  return (struct curl_slist *)NULL;
}

bool Curl_none_false_start(void)
{
  return FALSE;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_CRYPTO_AUTH
CURLcode Curl_none_md5sum(unsigned char *input, size_t inputlen,
                          unsigned char *md5sum, size_t md5len UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  struct MD5_context *MD5pw;

  (void)md5len;

  MD5pw = Curl_MD5_init(Curl_DIGEST_MD5);
  if(!MD5pw)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  Curl_MD5_update(MD5pw, input, curlx_uztoui(inputlen));
  Curl_MD5_final(MD5pw, md5sum);
  return CURLE_OK;
}
#else
CURLcode Curl_none_md5sum(unsigned char *input UNUSED_PARAM,
                          size_t inputlen UNUSED_PARAM,
                          unsigned char *md5sum UNUSED_PARAM,
                          size_t md5len UNUSED_PARAM)
{
  (void)input;
  (void)inputlen;
  (void)md5sum;
  (void)md5len;
  return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
}
#endif

static int Curl_multissl_init(void)
{
  if(multissl_init(NULL))
    return 1;
  return Curl_ssl->init();
}

static CURLcode Curl_multissl_connect(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  if(multissl_init(NULL))
    return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  return Curl_ssl->connect_blocking(conn, sockindex);
}

static CURLcode Curl_multissl_connect_nonblocking(struct connectdata *conn,
                                                  int sockindex, bool *done)
{
  if(multissl_init(NULL))
    return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  return Curl_ssl->connect_nonblocking(conn, sockindex, done);
}

static void *Curl_multissl_get_internals(struct ssl_connect_data *connssl,
                                         CURLINFO info)
{
  if(multissl_init(NULL))
    return NULL;
  return Curl_ssl->get_internals(connssl, info);
}

static void Curl_multissl_close(struct connectdata *conn, int sockindex)
{
  if(multissl_init(NULL))
    return;
  Curl_ssl->close_one(conn, sockindex);
}

static const struct Curl_ssl Curl_ssl_multi = {
  { CURLSSLBACKEND_NONE, "multi" },  /* info */
  0, /* supports nothing */
  (size_t)-1, /* something insanely large to be on the safe side */

  Curl_multissl_init,                /* init */
  Curl_none_cleanup,                 /* cleanup */
  Curl_multissl_version,             /* version */
  Curl_none_check_cxn,               /* check_cxn */
  Curl_none_shutdown,                /* shutdown */
  Curl_none_data_pending,            /* data_pending */
  Curl_none_random,                  /* random */
  Curl_none_cert_status_request,     /* cert_status_request */
  Curl_multissl_connect,             /* connect */
  Curl_multissl_connect_nonblocking, /* connect_nonblocking */
  Curl_multissl_get_internals,       /* get_internals */
  Curl_multissl_close,               /* close_one */
  Curl_none_close_all,               /* close_all */
  Curl_none_session_free,            /* session_free */
  Curl_none_set_engine,              /* set_engine */
  Curl_none_set_engine_default,      /* set_engine_default */
  Curl_none_engines_list,            /* engines_list */
  Curl_none_false_start,             /* false_start */
  Curl_none_md5sum,                  /* md5sum */
  NULL                               /* sha256sum */
};

const struct Curl_ssl *Curl_ssl =
#if defined(CURL_WITH_MULTI_SSL)
  &Curl_ssl_multi;
#elif defined(USE_WOLFSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_wolfssl;
#elif defined(USE_SECTRANSP)
  &Curl_ssl_sectransp;
#elif defined(USE_GNUTLS)
  &Curl_ssl_gnutls;
#elif defined(USE_GSKIT)
  &Curl_ssl_gskit;
#elif defined(USE_MBEDTLS)
  &Curl_ssl_mbedtls;
#elif defined(USE_NSS)
  &Curl_ssl_nss;
#elif defined(USE_OPENSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_openssl;
#elif defined(USE_SCHANNEL)
  &Curl_ssl_schannel;
#elif defined(USE_MESALINK)
  &Curl_ssl_mesalink;
#elif defined(USE_BEARSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_bearssl;
#else
#error "Missing struct Curl_ssl for selected SSL backend"
#endif

static const struct Curl_ssl *available_backends[] = {
#if defined(USE_WOLFSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_wolfssl,
#endif
#if defined(USE_SECTRANSP)
  &Curl_ssl_sectransp,
#endif
#if defined(USE_GNUTLS)
  &Curl_ssl_gnutls,
#endif
#if defined(USE_GSKIT)
  &Curl_ssl_gskit,
#endif
#if defined(USE_MBEDTLS)
  &Curl_ssl_mbedtls,
#endif
#if defined(USE_NSS)
  &Curl_ssl_nss,
#endif
#if defined(USE_OPENSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_openssl,
#endif
#if defined(USE_SCHANNEL)
  &Curl_ssl_schannel,
#endif
#if defined(USE_MESALINK)
  &Curl_ssl_mesalink,
#endif
#if defined(USE_BEARSSL)
  &Curl_ssl_bearssl,
#endif
  NULL
};

static size_t Curl_multissl_version(char *buffer, size_t size)
{
  static const struct Curl_ssl *selected;
  static char backends[200];
  static size_t backends_len;
  const struct Curl_ssl *current;

  current = Curl_ssl == &Curl_ssl_multi ? available_backends[0] : Curl_ssl;

  if(current != selected) {
    char *p = backends;
    char *end = backends + sizeof(backends);
    int i;

    selected = current;

    backends[0] = '\0';

    for(i = 0; available_backends[i]; ++i) {
      char vb[200];
      bool paren = (selected != available_backends[i]);

      if(available_backends[i]->version(vb, sizeof(vb))) {
        p += msnprintf(p, end - p, "%s%s%s%s", (p != backends ? " " : ""),
                       (paren ? "(" : ""), vb, (paren ? ")" : ""));
      }
    }

    backends_len = p - backends;
  }

  if(!size)
    return 0;

  if(size <= backends_len) {
    strncpy(buffer, backends, size - 1);
    buffer[size - 1] = '\0';
    return size - 1;
  }

  strcpy(buffer, backends);
  return backends_len;
}

static int multissl_init(const struct Curl_ssl *backend)
{
  const char *env;
  char *env_tmp;

  if(Curl_ssl != &Curl_ssl_multi)
    return 1;

  if(backend) {
    Curl_ssl = backend;
    return 0;
  }

  if(!available_backends[0])
    return 1;

  env = env_tmp = curl_getenv("CURL_SSL_BACKEND");
#ifdef CURL_DEFAULT_SSL_BACKEND
  if(!env)
    env = CURL_DEFAULT_SSL_BACKEND;
#endif
  if(env) {
    int i;
    for(i = 0; available_backends[i]; i++) {
      if(strcasecompare(env, available_backends[i]->info.name)) {
        Curl_ssl = available_backends[i];
        curl_free(env_tmp);
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  /* Fall back to first available backend */
  Curl_ssl = available_backends[0];
  curl_free(env_tmp);
  return 0;
}

CURLsslset curl_global_sslset(curl_sslbackend id, const char *name,
                              const curl_ssl_backend ***avail)
{
  int i;

  if(avail)
    *avail = (const curl_ssl_backend **)&available_backends;

  if(Curl_ssl != &Curl_ssl_multi)
    return id == Curl_ssl->info.id ||
           (name && strcasecompare(name, Curl_ssl->info.name)) ?
           CURLSSLSET_OK :
#if defined(CURL_WITH_MULTI_SSL)
           CURLSSLSET_TOO_LATE;
#else
           CURLSSLSET_UNKNOWN_BACKEND;
#endif

  for(i = 0; available_backends[i]; i++) {
    if(available_backends[i]->info.id == id ||
       (name && strcasecompare(available_backends[i]->info.name, name))) {
      multissl_init(available_backends[i]);
      return CURLSSLSET_OK;
    }
  }

  return CURLSSLSET_UNKNOWN_BACKEND;
}

#else /* USE_SSL */
CURLsslset curl_global_sslset(curl_sslbackend id, const char *name,
                              const curl_ssl_backend ***avail)
{
  (void)id;
  (void)name;
  (void)avail;
  return CURLSSLSET_NO_BACKENDS;
}

#endif /* !USE_SSL */