curl/lib/doh.c

/***************************************************************************
 *                                  _   _ ____  _
 *  Project                     ___| | | |  _ \| |
 *                             / __| | | | |_) | |
 *                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
 *                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
 *
 * Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
 *
 * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
 * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
 * are also available at https://curl.se/docs/copyright.html.
 *
 * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
 *
 * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
 *
 ***************************************************************************/

#include "curl_setup.h"

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_DOH

#include "urldata.h"
#include "curl_addrinfo.h"
#include "doh.h"

#include "sendf.h"
#include "multiif.h"
#include "url.h"
#include "share.h"
#include "curl_base64.h"
#include "connect.h"
#include "strdup.h"
#include "dynbuf.h"
/* The last 3 #include files should be in this order */
#include "curl_printf.h"
#include "curl_memory.h"
#include "memdebug.h"
#include "escape.h"

#define DNS_CLASS_IN 0x01

/* local_print_buf truncates if the hex string will be more than this */
#define LOCAL_PB_HEXMAX 400

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
static const char * const errors[]={
  "",
  "Bad label",
  "Out of range",
  "Label loop",
  "Too small",
  "Out of memory",
  "RDATA length",
  "Malformat",
  "Bad RCODE",
  "Unexpected TYPE",
  "Unexpected CLASS",
  "No content",
  "Bad ID",
  "Name too long"
};

static const char *doh_strerror(DOHcode code)
{
  if((code >= DOH_OK) && (code <= DOH_DNS_NAME_TOO_LONG))
    return errors[code];
  return "bad error code";
}

struct curl_trc_feat Curl_doh_trc = {
  "DoH",
  CURL_LOG_LVL_NONE,
};
#endif /* !CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS */

/* @unittest 1655
 */
UNITTEST DOHcode doh_encode(const char *host,
                            DNStype dnstype,
                            unsigned char *dnsp, /* buffer */
                            size_t len,  /* buffer size */
                            size_t *olen) /* output length */
{
  const size_t hostlen = strlen(host);
  unsigned char *orig = dnsp;
  const char *hostp = host;

  /* The expected output length is 16 bytes more than the length of
   * the QNAME-encoding of the host name.
   *
   * A valid DNS name may not contain a zero-length label, except at
   * the end.  For this reason, a name beginning with a dot, or
   * containing a sequence of two or more consecutive dots, is invalid
   * and cannot be encoded as a QNAME.
   *
   * If the host name ends with a trailing dot, the corresponding
   * QNAME-encoding is one byte longer than the host name. If (as is
   * also valid) the hostname is shortened by the omission of the
   * trailing dot, then its QNAME-encoding will be two bytes longer
   * than the host name.
   *
   * Each [ label, dot ] pair is encoded as [ length, label ],
   * preserving overall length.  A final [ label ] without a dot is
   * also encoded as [ length, label ], increasing overall length
   * by one. The encoding is completed by appending a zero byte,
   * representing the zero-length root label, again increasing
   * the overall length by one.
   */

  size_t expected_len;
  DEBUGASSERT(hostlen);
  expected_len = 12 + 1 + hostlen + 4;
  if(host[hostlen-1]!='.')
    expected_len++;

  if(expected_len > (256 + 16)) /* RFCs 1034, 1035 */
    return DOH_DNS_NAME_TOO_LONG;

  if(len < expected_len)
    return DOH_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER;

  *dnsp++ = 0; /* 16 bit id */
  *dnsp++ = 0;
  *dnsp++ = 0x01; /* |QR|   Opcode  |AA|TC|RD| Set the RD bit */
  *dnsp++ = '\0'; /* |RA|   Z    |   RCODE   |                */
  *dnsp++ = '\0';
  *dnsp++ = 1;    /* QDCOUNT (number of entries in the question section) */
  *dnsp++ = '\0';
  *dnsp++ = '\0'; /* ANCOUNT */
  *dnsp++ = '\0';
  *dnsp++ = '\0'; /* NSCOUNT */
  *dnsp++ = '\0';
  *dnsp++ = '\0'; /* ARCOUNT */

  /* encode each label and store it in the QNAME */
  while(*hostp) {
    size_t labellen;
    char *dot = strchr(hostp, '.');
    if(dot)
      labellen = dot - hostp;
    else
      labellen = strlen(hostp);
    if((labellen > 63) || (!labellen)) {
      /* label is too long or too short, error out */
      *olen = 0;
      return DOH_DNS_BAD_LABEL;
    }
    /* label is non-empty, process it */
    *dnsp++ = (unsigned char)labellen;
    memcpy(dnsp, hostp, labellen);
    dnsp += labellen;
    hostp += labellen;
    /* advance past dot, but only if there is one */
    if(dot)
      hostp++;
  } /* next label */

  *dnsp++ = 0; /* append zero-length label for root */

  /* There are assigned TYPE codes beyond 255: use range [1..65535]  */
  *dnsp++ = (unsigned char)(255 & (dnstype>>8)); /* upper 8 bit TYPE */
  *dnsp++ = (unsigned char)(255 & dnstype);      /* lower 8 bit TYPE */

  *dnsp++ = '\0'; /* upper 8 bit CLASS */
  *dnsp++ = DNS_CLASS_IN; /* IN - "the Internet" */

  *olen = dnsp - orig;

  /* verify that our estimation of length is valid, since
   * this has led to buffer overflows in this function */
  DEBUGASSERT(*olen == expected_len);
  return DOH_OK;
}

static size_t
doh_write_cb(const void *contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userp)
{
  size_t realsize = size * nmemb;
  struct dynbuf *mem = (struct dynbuf *)userp;

  if(Curl_dyn_addn(mem, contents, realsize))
    return 0;

  return realsize;
}

#if defined(USE_HTTPSRR) && defined(CURLDEBUG)
static void local_print_buf(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            const char *prefix,
                            unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
  unsigned char hexstr[LOCAL_PB_HEXMAX];
  size_t hlen = LOCAL_PB_HEXMAX;
  bool truncated = false;

  if(len > (LOCAL_PB_HEXMAX / 2))
    truncated = true;
  Curl_hexencode(buf, len, hexstr, hlen);
  if(!truncated)
    infof(data, "%s: len=%d, val=%s", prefix, (int)len, hexstr);
  else
    infof(data, "%s: len=%d (truncated)val=%s", prefix, (int)len, hexstr);
  return;
}
#endif

/* called from multi.c when this DoH transfer is complete */
static int doh_done(struct Curl_easy *doh, CURLcode result)
{
  struct Curl_easy *data = doh->set.dohfor;
  struct dohdata *dohp = data->req.doh;
  /* so one of the DoH request done for the 'data' transfer is now complete! */
  dohp->pending--;
  infof(doh, "a DoH request is completed, %u to go", dohp->pending);
  if(result)
    infof(doh, "DoH request %s", curl_easy_strerror(result));

  if(!dohp->pending) {
    /* DoH completed */
    curl_slist_free_all(dohp->headers);
    dohp->headers = NULL;
    Curl_expire(data, 0, EXPIRE_RUN_NOW);
  }
  return 0;
}

#define ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(x,y) \
do {                                          \
  result = curl_easy_setopt(doh, x, y);       \
  if(result &&                                \
     result != CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN &&          \
     result != CURLE_UNKNOWN_OPTION)          \
    goto error;                               \
} while(0)

static CURLcode dohprobe(struct Curl_easy *data,
                         struct dnsprobe *p, DNStype dnstype,
                         const char *host,
                         const char *url, CURLM *multi,
                         struct curl_slist *headers)
{
  struct Curl_easy *doh = NULL;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  timediff_t timeout_ms;
  DOHcode d = doh_encode(host, dnstype, p->dohbuffer, sizeof(p->dohbuffer),
                         &p->dohlen);
  if(d) {
    failf(data, "Failed to encode DoH packet [%d]", d);
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  p->dnstype = dnstype;
  Curl_dyn_init(&p->serverdoh, DYN_DOH_RESPONSE);

  timeout_ms = Curl_timeleft(data, NULL, TRUE);
  if(timeout_ms <= 0) {
    result = CURLE_OPERATION_TIMEDOUT;
    goto error;
  }
  /* Curl_open() is the internal version of curl_easy_init() */
  result = Curl_open(&doh);
  if(!result) {
    /* pass in the struct pointer via a local variable to please coverity and
       the gcc typecheck helpers */
    struct dynbuf *resp = &p->serverdoh;
    doh->state.internal = true;
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
    doh->state.feat = &Curl_doh_trc;
#endif
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_URL, url);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_DEFAULT_PROTOCOL, "https");
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, doh_write_cb);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, resp);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, p->dohbuffer);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, (long)p->dohlen);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers);
#ifdef USE_HTTP2
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2TLS);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_PIPEWAIT, 1L);
#endif
#ifndef CURLDEBUG
    /* enforce HTTPS if not debug */
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTPS);
#else
    /* in debug mode, also allow http */
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTP|CURLPROTO_HTTPS);
#endif
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, (long)timeout_ms);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SHARE, data->share);
    if(data->set.err && data->set.err != stderr)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_STDERR, data->set.err);
    if(Curl_trc_ft_is_verbose(data, &Curl_doh_trc))
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L);
    if(data->set.no_signal)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1L);

    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST,
      data->set.doh_verifyhost ? 2L : 0L);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER,
      data->set.doh_verifypeer ? 1L : 0L);
    ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYSTATUS,
      data->set.doh_verifystatus ? 1L : 0L);

    /* Inherit *some* SSL options from the user's transfer. This is a
       best-guess as to which options are needed for compatibility. #3661

       Note DoH does not inherit the user's proxy server so proxy SSL settings
       have no effect and are not inherited. If that changes then two new
       options should be added to check doh proxy insecure separately,
       CURLOPT_DOH_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYHOST and CURLOPT_DOH_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYPEER.
       */
    if(data->set.ssl.falsestart)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_FALSESTART, 1L);
    if(data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CAFILE]) {
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_CAINFO,
                         data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CAFILE]);
    }
    if(data->set.blobs[BLOB_CAINFO]) {
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_CAINFO_BLOB,
                         data->set.blobs[BLOB_CAINFO]);
    }
    if(data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CAPATH]) {
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_CAPATH,
                         data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CAPATH]);
    }
    if(data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CRLFILE]) {
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_CRLFILE,
                         data->set.str[STRING_SSL_CRLFILE]);
    }
    if(data->set.ssl.certinfo)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_CERTINFO, 1L);
    if(data->set.ssl.fsslctx)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION, data->set.ssl.fsslctx);
    if(data->set.ssl.fsslctxp)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_DATA, data->set.ssl.fsslctxp);
    if(data->set.fdebug)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION, data->set.fdebug);
    if(data->set.debugdata)
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_DEBUGDATA, data->set.debugdata);
    if(data->set.str[STRING_SSL_EC_CURVES]) {
      ERROR_CHECK_SETOPT(CURLOPT_SSL_EC_CURVES,
                         data->set.str[STRING_SSL_EC_CURVES]);
    }

    {
      long mask =
        (data->set.ssl.enable_beast ?
         CURLSSLOPT_ALLOW_BEAST : 0) |
        (data->set.ssl.no_revoke ?
         CURLSSLOPT_NO_REVOKE : 0) |
        (data->set.ssl.no_partialchain ?
         CURLSSLOPT_NO_PARTIALCHAIN : 0) |
        (data->set.ssl.revoke_best_effort ?
         CURLSSLOPT_REVOKE_BEST_EFFORT : 0) |
        (data->set.ssl.native_ca_store ?
         CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA : 0) |
        (data->set.ssl.auto_client_cert ?
         CURLSSLOPT_AUTO_CLIENT_CERT : 0);

      (void)curl_easy_setopt(doh, CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS, mask);
    }

    doh->set.fmultidone = doh_done;
    doh->set.dohfor = data; /* identify for which transfer this is done */
    p->easy = doh;

    /* DoH handles must not inherit private_data. The handles may be passed to
       the user via callbacks and the user will be able to identify them as
       internal handles because private data is not set. The user can then set
       private_data via CURLOPT_PRIVATE if they so choose. */
    DEBUGASSERT(!doh->set.private_data);

    if(curl_multi_add_handle(multi, doh))
      goto error;
  }
  else
    goto error;
  return CURLE_OK;

error:
  Curl_close(&doh);
  return result;
}

/*
 * Curl_doh() resolves a name using DoH. It resolves a name and returns a
 * 'Curl_addrinfo *' with the address information.
 */

struct Curl_addrinfo *Curl_doh(struct Curl_easy *data,
                               const char *hostname,
                               int port,
                               int *waitp)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  int slot;
  struct dohdata *dohp;
  struct connectdata *conn = data->conn;
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
  /* for now, this is only used when ECH is enabled */
# ifdef USE_ECH
  char *qname = NULL;
# endif
#endif
  *waitp = FALSE;
  (void)hostname;
  (void)port;

  DEBUGASSERT(!data->req.doh);
  DEBUGASSERT(conn);

  /* start clean, consider allocating this struct on demand */
  dohp = data->req.doh = calloc(1, sizeof(struct dohdata));
  if(!dohp)
    return NULL;

  conn->bits.doh = TRUE;
  dohp->host = hostname;
  dohp->port = port;
  dohp->headers =
    curl_slist_append(NULL,
                      "Content-Type: application/dns-message");
  if(!dohp->headers)
    goto error;

  /* create IPv4 DoH request */
  result = dohprobe(data, &dohp->probe[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V4],
                    DNS_TYPE_A, hostname, data->set.str[STRING_DOH],
                    data->multi, dohp->headers);
  if(result)
    goto error;
  dohp->pending++;

#ifdef USE_IPV6
  if((conn->ip_version != CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4) && Curl_ipv6works(data)) {
    /* create IPv6 DoH request */
    result = dohprobe(data, &dohp->probe[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V6],
                      DNS_TYPE_AAAA, hostname, data->set.str[STRING_DOH],
                      data->multi, dohp->headers);
    if(result)
      goto error;
    dohp->pending++;
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
  /*
   * TODO: Figure out the conditions under which we want to make
   * a request for an HTTPS RR when we are not doing ECH. For now,
   * making this request breaks a bunch of DoH tests, e.g. test2100,
   * where the addiitonal request doesn't match the pre-cooked data
   * files, so there's a bit of work attached to making the request
   * in a non-ECH use-case. For the present, we'll only make the
   * request when ECH is enabled in the build and is being used for
   * the curl operation.
   */
# ifdef USE_ECH
  if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_ENABLE
     || data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD) {
    if(port == 443)
      qname = strdup(hostname);
    else
      qname = aprintf("_%d._https.%s", port, hostname);
    if(!qname)
      goto error;
    result = dohprobe(data, &dohp->probe[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_HTTPS],
                      DNS_TYPE_HTTPS, qname, data->set.str[STRING_DOH],
                      data->multi, dohp->headers);
    free(qname);
    if(result)
      goto error;
    dohp->pending++;
  }
# endif
#endif
  *waitp = TRUE; /* this never returns synchronously */
  return NULL;

error:
  curl_slist_free_all(dohp->headers);
  data->req.doh->headers = NULL;
  for(slot = 0; slot < DOH_PROBE_SLOTS; slot++) {
    (void)curl_multi_remove_handle(data->multi, dohp->probe[slot].easy);
    Curl_close(&dohp->probe[slot].easy);
  }
  Curl_safefree(data->req.doh);
  return NULL;
}

static DOHcode skipqname(const unsigned char *doh, size_t dohlen,
                         unsigned int *indexp)
{
  unsigned char length;
  do {
    if(dohlen < (*indexp + 1))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    length = doh[*indexp];
    if((length & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
      /* name pointer, advance over it and be done */
      if(dohlen < (*indexp + 2))
        return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
      *indexp += 2;
      break;
    }
    if(length & 0xc0)
      return DOH_DNS_BAD_LABEL;
    if(dohlen < (*indexp + 1 + length))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    *indexp += (unsigned int)(1 + length);
  } while(length);
  return DOH_OK;
}

static unsigned short get16bit(const unsigned char *doh, int index)
{
  return (unsigned short)((doh[index] << 8) | doh[index + 1]);
}

static unsigned int get32bit(const unsigned char *doh, int index)
{
  /* make clang and gcc optimize this to bswap by incrementing
     the pointer first. */
  doh += index;

  /* avoid undefined behavior by casting to unsigned before shifting
     24 bits, possibly into the sign bit. codegen is same, but
     ub sanitizer won't be upset */
  return ((unsigned)doh[0] << 24) | ((unsigned)doh[1] << 16) |
         ((unsigned)doh[2] << 8) | doh[3];
}

static DOHcode store_a(const unsigned char *doh, int index, struct dohentry *d)
{
  /* silently ignore addresses over the limit */
  if(d->numaddr < DOH_MAX_ADDR) {
    struct dohaddr *a = &d->addr[d->numaddr];
    a->type = DNS_TYPE_A;
    memcpy(&a->ip.v4, &doh[index], 4);
    d->numaddr++;
  }
  return DOH_OK;
}

static DOHcode store_aaaa(const unsigned char *doh,
                          int index,
                          struct dohentry *d)
{
  /* silently ignore addresses over the limit */
  if(d->numaddr < DOH_MAX_ADDR) {
    struct dohaddr *a = &d->addr[d->numaddr];
    a->type = DNS_TYPE_AAAA;
    memcpy(&a->ip.v6, &doh[index], 16);
    d->numaddr++;
  }
  return DOH_OK;
}

#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
static DOHcode store_https(const unsigned char *doh,
                           int index,
                           struct dohentry *d,
                           uint16_t len)
{
  /* silently ignore RRs over the limit */
  if(d->numhttps_rrs < DOH_MAX_HTTPS) {
    struct dohhttps_rr *h = &d->https_rrs[d->numhttps_rrs];
    h->val = Curl_memdup(&doh[index], len);
    if(!h->val)
      return DOH_OUT_OF_MEM;
    h->len = len;
    d->numhttps_rrs++;
  }
  return DOH_OK;
}
#endif

static DOHcode store_cname(const unsigned char *doh,
                           size_t dohlen,
                           unsigned int index,
                           struct dohentry *d)
{
  struct dynbuf *c;
  unsigned int loop = 128; /* a valid DNS name can never loop this much */
  unsigned char length;

  if(d->numcname == DOH_MAX_CNAME)
    return DOH_OK; /* skip! */

  c = &d->cname[d->numcname++];
  do {
    if(index >= dohlen)
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    length = doh[index];
    if((length & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
      int newpos;
      /* name pointer, get the new offset (14 bits) */
      if((index + 1) >= dohlen)
        return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

      /* move to the new index */
      newpos = (length & 0x3f) << 8 | doh[index + 1];
      index = newpos;
      continue;
    }
    else if(length & 0xc0)
      return DOH_DNS_BAD_LABEL; /* bad input */
    else
      index++;

    if(length) {
      if(Curl_dyn_len(c)) {
        if(Curl_dyn_addn(c, STRCONST(".")))
          return DOH_OUT_OF_MEM;
      }
      if((index + length) > dohlen)
        return DOH_DNS_BAD_LABEL;

      if(Curl_dyn_addn(c, &doh[index], length))
        return DOH_OUT_OF_MEM;
      index += length;
    }
  } while(length && --loop);

  if(!loop)
    return DOH_DNS_LABEL_LOOP;
  return DOH_OK;
}

static DOHcode rdata(const unsigned char *doh,
                     size_t dohlen,
                     unsigned short rdlength,
                     unsigned short type,
                     int index,
                     struct dohentry *d)
{
  /* RDATA
     - A (TYPE 1):  4 bytes
     - AAAA (TYPE 28): 16 bytes
     - NS (TYPE 2): N bytes
     - HTTPS (TYPE 65): N bytes */
  DOHcode rc;

  switch(type) {
  case DNS_TYPE_A:
    if(rdlength != 4)
      return DOH_DNS_RDATA_LEN;
    rc = store_a(doh, index, d);
    if(rc)
      return rc;
    break;
  case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
    if(rdlength != 16)
      return DOH_DNS_RDATA_LEN;
    rc = store_aaaa(doh, index, d);
    if(rc)
      return rc;
    break;
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
  case DNS_TYPE_HTTPS:
    rc = store_https(doh, index, d, rdlength);
    if(rc)
      return rc;
    break;
#endif
  case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
    rc = store_cname(doh, dohlen, index, d);
    if(rc)
      return rc;
    break;
  case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
    /* explicit for clarity; just skip; rely on synthesized CNAME  */
    break;
  default:
    /* unsupported type, just skip it */
    break;
  }
  return DOH_OK;
}

UNITTEST void de_init(struct dohentry *de)
{
  int i;
  memset(de, 0, sizeof(*de));
  de->ttl = INT_MAX;
  for(i = 0; i < DOH_MAX_CNAME; i++)
    Curl_dyn_init(&de->cname[i], DYN_DOH_CNAME);
}


UNITTEST DOHcode doh_decode(const unsigned char *doh,
                            size_t dohlen,
                            DNStype dnstype,
                            struct dohentry *d)
{
  unsigned char rcode;
  unsigned short qdcount;
  unsigned short ancount;
  unsigned short type = 0;
  unsigned short rdlength;
  unsigned short nscount;
  unsigned short arcount;
  unsigned int index = 12;
  DOHcode rc;

  if(dohlen < 12)
    return DOH_TOO_SMALL_BUFFER; /* too small */
  if(!doh || doh[0] || doh[1])
    return DOH_DNS_BAD_ID; /* bad ID */
  rcode = doh[3] & 0x0f;
  if(rcode)
    return DOH_DNS_BAD_RCODE; /* bad rcode */

  qdcount = get16bit(doh, 4);
  while(qdcount) {
    rc = skipqname(doh, dohlen, &index);
    if(rc)
      return rc; /* bad qname */
    if(dohlen < (index + 4))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    index += 4; /* skip question's type and class */
    qdcount--;
  }

  ancount = get16bit(doh, 6);
  while(ancount) {
    unsigned short class;
    unsigned int ttl;

    rc = skipqname(doh, dohlen, &index);
    if(rc)
      return rc; /* bad qname */

    if(dohlen < (index + 2))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    type = get16bit(doh, index);
    if((type != DNS_TYPE_CNAME)    /* may be synthesized from DNAME */
       && (type != DNS_TYPE_DNAME) /* if present, accept and ignore */
       && (type != dnstype))
      /* Not the same type as was asked for nor CNAME nor DNAME */
      return DOH_DNS_UNEXPECTED_TYPE;
    index += 2;

    if(dohlen < (index + 2))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    class = get16bit(doh, index);
    if(DNS_CLASS_IN != class)
      return DOH_DNS_UNEXPECTED_CLASS; /* unsupported */
    index += 2;

    if(dohlen < (index + 4))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    ttl = get32bit(doh, index);
    if(ttl < d->ttl)
      d->ttl = ttl;
    index += 4;

    if(dohlen < (index + 2))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    rdlength = get16bit(doh, index);
    index += 2;
    if(dohlen < (index + rdlength))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    rc = rdata(doh, dohlen, rdlength, type, index, d);
    if(rc)
      return rc; /* bad rdata */
    index += rdlength;
    ancount--;
  }

  nscount = get16bit(doh, 8);
  while(nscount) {
    rc = skipqname(doh, dohlen, &index);
    if(rc)
      return rc; /* bad qname */

    if(dohlen < (index + 8))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    index += 2 + 2 + 4; /* type, class and ttl */

    if(dohlen < (index + 2))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    rdlength = get16bit(doh, index);
    index += 2;
    if(dohlen < (index + rdlength))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    index += rdlength;
    nscount--;
  }

  arcount = get16bit(doh, 10);
  while(arcount) {
    rc = skipqname(doh, dohlen, &index);
    if(rc)
      return rc; /* bad qname */

    if(dohlen < (index + 8))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    index += 2 + 2 + 4; /* type, class and ttl */

    if(dohlen < (index + 2))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;

    rdlength = get16bit(doh, index);
    index += 2;
    if(dohlen < (index + rdlength))
      return DOH_DNS_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    index += rdlength;
    arcount--;
  }

  if(index != dohlen)
    return DOH_DNS_MALFORMAT; /* something is wrong */

#ifdef USE_HTTTPS
  if((type != DNS_TYPE_NS) && !d->numcname && !d->numaddr && !d->numhttps_rrs)
#else
  if((type != DNS_TYPE_NS) && !d->numcname && !d->numaddr)
#endif
    /* nothing stored! */
    return DOH_NO_CONTENT;

  return DOH_OK; /* ok */
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
static void showdoh(struct Curl_easy *data,
                    const struct dohentry *d)
{
  int i;
  infof(data, "[DoH] TTL: %u seconds", d->ttl);
  for(i = 0; i < d->numaddr; i++) {
    const struct dohaddr *a = &d->addr[i];
    if(a->type == DNS_TYPE_A) {
      infof(data, "[DoH] A: %u.%u.%u.%u",
            a->ip.v4[0], a->ip.v4[1],
            a->ip.v4[2], a->ip.v4[3]);
    }
    else if(a->type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA) {
      int j;
      char buffer[128];
      char *ptr;
      size_t len;
      len = msnprintf(buffer, 128, "[DoH] AAAA: ");
      ptr = &buffer[len];
      len = sizeof(buffer) - len;
      for(j = 0; j < 16; j += 2) {
        size_t l;
        msnprintf(ptr, len, "%s%02x%02x", j?":":"", d->addr[i].ip.v6[j],
                  d->addr[i].ip.v6[j + 1]);
        l = strlen(ptr);
        len -= l;
        ptr += l;
      }
      infof(data, "%s", buffer);
    }
  }
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
  for(i = 0; i < d->numhttps_rrs; i++) {
# ifdef CURLDEBUG
    local_print_buf(data, "DoH HTTPS",
                    d->https_rrs[i].val, d->https_rrs[i].len);
# else
    infof(data, "DoH HTTPS RR: length %d", d->https_rrs[i].len);
# endif
  }
#endif
  for(i = 0; i < d->numcname; i++) {
    infof(data, "CNAME: %s", Curl_dyn_ptr(&d->cname[i]));
  }
}
#else
#define showdoh(x,y)
#endif

/*
 * doh2ai()
 *
 * This function returns a pointer to the first element of a newly allocated
 * Curl_addrinfo struct linked list filled with the data from a set of DoH
 * lookups.  Curl_addrinfo is meant to work like the addrinfo struct does for
 * a IPv6 stack, but usable also for IPv4, all hosts and environments.
 *
 * The memory allocated by this function *MUST* be free'd later on calling
 * Curl_freeaddrinfo().  For each successful call to this function there
 * must be an associated call later to Curl_freeaddrinfo().
 */

static CURLcode doh2ai(const struct dohentry *de, const char *hostname,
                       int port, struct Curl_addrinfo **aip)
{
  struct Curl_addrinfo *ai;
  struct Curl_addrinfo *prevai = NULL;
  struct Curl_addrinfo *firstai = NULL;
  struct sockaddr_in *addr;
#ifdef USE_IPV6
  struct sockaddr_in6 *addr6;
#endif
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  int i;
  size_t hostlen = strlen(hostname) + 1; /* include null-terminator */

  DEBUGASSERT(de);

  if(!de->numaddr)
    return CURLE_COULDNT_RESOLVE_HOST;

  for(i = 0; i < de->numaddr; i++) {
    size_t ss_size;
    CURL_SA_FAMILY_T addrtype;
    if(de->addr[i].type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA) {
#ifndef USE_IPV6
      /* we can't handle IPv6 addresses */
      continue;
#else
      ss_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
      addrtype = AF_INET6;
#endif
    }
    else {
      ss_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
      addrtype = AF_INET;
    }

    ai = calloc(1, sizeof(struct Curl_addrinfo) + ss_size + hostlen);
    if(!ai) {
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      break;
    }
    ai->ai_addr = (void *)((char *)ai + sizeof(struct Curl_addrinfo));
    ai->ai_canonname = (void *)((char *)ai->ai_addr + ss_size);
    memcpy(ai->ai_canonname, hostname, hostlen);

    if(!firstai)
      /* store the pointer we want to return from this function */
      firstai = ai;

    if(prevai)
      /* make the previous entry point to this */
      prevai->ai_next = ai;

    ai->ai_family = addrtype;

    /* we return all names as STREAM, so when using this address for TFTP
       the type must be ignored and conn->socktype be used instead! */
    ai->ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;

    ai->ai_addrlen = (curl_socklen_t)ss_size;

    /* leave the rest of the struct filled with zero */

    switch(ai->ai_family) {
    case AF_INET:
      addr = (void *)ai->ai_addr; /* storage area for this info */
      DEBUGASSERT(sizeof(struct in_addr) == sizeof(de->addr[i].ip.v4));
      memcpy(&addr->sin_addr, &de->addr[i].ip.v4, sizeof(struct in_addr));
      addr->sin_family = addrtype;
      addr->sin_port = htons((unsigned short)port);
      break;

#ifdef USE_IPV6
    case AF_INET6:
      addr6 = (void *)ai->ai_addr; /* storage area for this info */
      DEBUGASSERT(sizeof(struct in6_addr) == sizeof(de->addr[i].ip.v6));
      memcpy(&addr6->sin6_addr, &de->addr[i].ip.v6, sizeof(struct in6_addr));
      addr6->sin6_family = addrtype;
      addr6->sin6_port = htons((unsigned short)port);
      break;
#endif
    }

    prevai = ai;
  }

  if(result) {
    Curl_freeaddrinfo(firstai);
    firstai = NULL;
  }
  *aip = firstai;

  return result;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
static const char *type2name(DNStype dnstype)
{
  switch(dnstype) {
    case DNS_TYPE_A:
      return "A";
    case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
      return "AAAA";
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
    case DNS_TYPE_HTTPS:
      return "HTTPS";
#endif
    default:
       return "unknown";
  }
}
#endif

UNITTEST void de_cleanup(struct dohentry *d)
{
  int i = 0;
  for(i = 0; i < d->numcname; i++) {
    Curl_dyn_free(&d->cname[i]);
  }
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
  for(i = 0; i < d->numhttps_rrs; i++)
    free(d->https_rrs[i].val);
#endif
}

#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR

/*
 * @brief decode the DNS name in a binary RRData
 * @param buf points to the buffer (in/out)
 * @param remaining points to the remaining buffer length (in/out)
 * @param dnsname returns the string form name on success
 * @return is 1 for success, error otherwise
 *
 * The encoding here is defined in
 * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-3.1
 *
 * The input buffer pointer will be modified so it points to
 * just after the end of the DNS name encoding on output. (And
 * that's why it's an "unsigned char **" :-)
 */
static CURLcode local_decode_rdata_name(unsigned char **buf, size_t *remaining,
                                        char **dnsname)
{
  unsigned char *cp = NULL;
  int rem = 0;
  char *thename = NULL, *tp = NULL;
  unsigned char clen = 0; /* chunk len */

  if(!buf || !remaining || !dnsname)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  rem = (int)*remaining;
  thename = calloc(1, CURL_MAXLEN_host_name);
  if(!thename)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  cp = *buf;
  tp = thename;
  clen = *cp++;
  if(clen == 0) {
    /* special case - return "." as name */
    thename[0] = '.';
    thename[1] = 0x00;
  }
  while(clen) {
    if(clen >= rem) {
      free(thename);
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    if(((tp - thename) + clen) > CURL_MAXLEN_host_name) {
      free(thename);
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    memcpy(tp, cp, clen);
    tp += clen;
    *tp++ = '.';
    cp += clen;
    rem -= (clen + 1);
    if(rem <= 0) {
      free(thename);
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    clen = *cp++;
  }
  *buf = cp;
  if(rem <= 0) {
    free(thename);
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }
  *remaining = rem - 1;
  *dnsname = thename;
  return CURLE_OK;
}

static CURLcode local_decode_rdata_alpn(unsigned char *rrval, size_t len,
                                        char **alpns)
{
  /*
   * spec here is as per draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https, section-7.1.1
   * encoding is catenated list of strings each preceded by a one
   * octet length
   * output is comma-sep list of the strings
   * implementations may or may not handle quoting of comma within
   * string values, so we might see a comma within the wire format
   * version of a string, in which case we'll precede that by a
   * backslash - same goes for a backslash character, and of course
   * we need to use two backslashes in strings when we mean one;-)
   */
  int remaining = (int) len;
  char *oval;
  size_t olen = 0, i;
  unsigned char *cp = rrval;
  struct dynbuf dval;

  if(!alpns)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  Curl_dyn_init(&dval, DYN_DOH_RESPONSE);
  remaining = (int)len;
  cp = rrval;
  while(remaining > 0) {
    size_t tlen = (size_t) *cp++;

    /* if not 1st time, add comma */
    if(remaining != (int)len && Curl_dyn_addn(&dval, ",", 1))
      goto err;
    remaining--;
    if(tlen > (size_t)remaining)
      goto err;
    /* add escape char if needed, clunky but easier to read */
    for(i = 0; i != tlen; i++) {
      if('\\' == *cp || ',' == *cp) {
        if(Curl_dyn_addn(&dval, "\\", 1))
          goto err;
      }
      if(Curl_dyn_addn(&dval, cp++, 1))
        goto err;
    }
    remaining -= (int)tlen;
  }
  olen = Curl_dyn_len(&dval);
  /* I think the + 1 here is ok but it could trigger a read error */
  oval = (char *)Curl_memdup(Curl_dyn_ptr(&dval), olen + 1);
  if(!oval)
    goto err;
  Curl_dyn_free(&dval);
  oval[olen]='\0';
  *alpns = oval;
  return CURLE_OK;
err:
  Curl_dyn_free(&dval);
  return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;
}

#ifdef CURLDEBUG
static CURLcode test_alpn_escapes(void)
{
  /* we'll use an example from draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb, figure 10 */
  static unsigned char example[] = {
    0x08,                                           /* length 8 */
    0x66, 0x5c, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x2c, 0x62, 0x61, 0x72, /* value "f\\oo,bar" */
    0x02,                                           /* length 2 */
    0x68, 0x32                                      /* value "h2" */
  };
  size_t example_len = sizeof(example);
  char *aval = NULL;
  static const char *expected = "f\\\\oo\\,bar,h2";

  if(local_decode_rdata_alpn(example, example_len, &aval) != CURLE_OK)
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;
  if(strlen(aval) != strlen(expected))
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;
  if(memcmp(aval, expected, strlen(aval)))
    return CURLE_BAD_CONTENT_ENCODING;
  return CURLE_OK;
}
#endif

static CURLcode Curl_doh_decode_httpsrr(unsigned char *rrval, size_t len,
                                        struct Curl_https_rrinfo **hrr)
{
  size_t remaining = len;
  unsigned char *cp = rrval;
  uint16_t pcode = 0, plen = 0;
  struct Curl_https_rrinfo *lhrr = NULL;
  char *dnsname = NULL;

#ifdef CURLDEBUG
  /* a few tests of escaping, shouldn't be here but ok for now */
  if(test_alpn_escapes() != CURLE_OK)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
#endif
  lhrr = calloc(1, sizeof(struct Curl_https_rrinfo));
  if(!lhrr)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  lhrr->val = calloc(1, len);
  if(!lhrr->val)
    goto err;
  lhrr->len = len;
  memcpy(lhrr->val, rrval, len);
  if(remaining <= 2)
    goto err;
  lhrr->priority = (uint16_t)((cp[0] << 8) + cp[1]);
  cp += 2;
  remaining -= (uint16_t)2;
  if(local_decode_rdata_name(&cp, &remaining, &dnsname) != CURLE_OK)
    goto err;
  lhrr->target = dnsname;
  while(remaining >= 4) {
    pcode = (uint16_t)((*cp << 8) + (*(cp + 1)));
    cp += 2;
    plen = (uint16_t)((*cp << 8) + (*(cp + 1)));
    cp += 2;
    remaining -= 4;
    if(pcode == HTTPS_RR_CODE_ALPN) {
      if(local_decode_rdata_alpn(cp, plen, &lhrr->alpns) != CURLE_OK)
        goto err;
    }
    if(pcode == HTTPS_RR_CODE_NO_DEF_ALPN)
      lhrr->no_def_alpn = TRUE;
    else if(pcode == HTTPS_RR_CODE_IPV4) {
      lhrr->ipv4hints = Curl_memdup(cp, plen);
      if(!lhrr->ipv4hints)
        goto err;
      lhrr->ipv4hints_len = (size_t)plen;
    }
    else if(pcode == HTTPS_RR_CODE_ECH) {
      lhrr->echconfiglist = Curl_memdup(cp, plen);
      if(!lhrr->echconfiglist)
        goto err;
      lhrr->echconfiglist_len = (size_t)plen;
    }
    else if(pcode == HTTPS_RR_CODE_IPV6) {
      lhrr->ipv6hints = Curl_memdup(cp, plen);
      if(!lhrr->ipv6hints)
        goto err;
      lhrr->ipv6hints_len = (size_t)plen;
    }
    if(plen > 0 && plen <= remaining) {
      cp += plen;
      remaining -= plen;
    }
  }
  DEBUGASSERT(!remaining);
  *hrr = lhrr;
  return CURLE_OK;
err:
  if(lhrr) {
    if(lhrr->target)
      free(lhrr->target);
    if(lhrr->echconfiglist)
      free(lhrr->echconfiglist);
    if(lhrr->val)
      free(lhrr->val);
    free(lhrr);
  }
  return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
}

# ifdef CURLDEBUG
static void local_print_httpsrr(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                struct Curl_https_rrinfo *hrr)
{
  DEBUGASSERT(hrr);
  infof(data, "HTTPS RR: priority %d, target: %s",
        hrr->priority, hrr->target);
  if(hrr->alpns)
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: alpns %s", hrr->alpns);
  else
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no alpns");
  if(hrr->no_def_alpn)
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no_def_alpn set");
  else
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no_def_alpn not set");
  if(hrr->ipv4hints) {
    local_print_buf(data, "HTTPS RR: ipv4hints",
                    hrr->ipv4hints, hrr->ipv4hints_len);
  }
  else
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no ipv4hints");
  if(hrr->echconfiglist) {
    local_print_buf(data, "HTTPS RR: ECHConfigList",
                    hrr->echconfiglist, hrr->echconfiglist_len);
  }
  else
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no ECHConfigList");
  if(hrr->ipv6hints) {
    local_print_buf(data, "HTTPS RR: ipv6hint",
                    hrr->ipv6hints, hrr->ipv6hints_len);
  }
  else
    infof(data, "HTTPS RR: no ipv6hints");
  return;
}
# endif
#endif

CURLcode Curl_doh_is_resolved(struct Curl_easy *data,
                              struct Curl_dns_entry **dnsp)
{
  CURLcode result;
  struct dohdata *dohp = data->req.doh;
  *dnsp = NULL; /* defaults to no response */
  if(!dohp)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  if(!dohp->probe[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V4].easy &&
     !dohp->probe[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V6].easy) {
    failf(data, "Could not DoH-resolve: %s", data->state.async.hostname);
    return CONN_IS_PROXIED(data->conn)?CURLE_COULDNT_RESOLVE_PROXY:
      CURLE_COULDNT_RESOLVE_HOST;
  }
  else if(!dohp->pending) {
#ifndef USE_HTTPSRR
    DOHcode rc[DOH_PROBE_SLOTS] = {
      DOH_OK, DOH_OK
    };
#else
    DOHcode rc[DOH_PROBE_SLOTS] = {
      DOH_OK, DOH_OK, DOH_OK
    };
#endif
    struct dohentry de;
    int slot;
    /* remove DoH handles from multi handle and close them */
    for(slot = 0; slot < DOH_PROBE_SLOTS; slot++) {
      curl_multi_remove_handle(data->multi, dohp->probe[slot].easy);
      Curl_close(&dohp->probe[slot].easy);
    }
    /* parse the responses, create the struct and return it! */
    de_init(&de);
    for(slot = 0; slot < DOH_PROBE_SLOTS; slot++) {
      struct dnsprobe *p = &dohp->probe[slot];
      if(!p->dnstype)
        continue;
      rc[slot] = doh_decode(Curl_dyn_uptr(&p->serverdoh),
                            Curl_dyn_len(&p->serverdoh),
                            p->dnstype,
                            &de);
      Curl_dyn_free(&p->serverdoh);
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
      if(rc[slot]) {
        infof(data, "DoH: %s type %s for %s", doh_strerror(rc[slot]),
              type2name(p->dnstype), dohp->host);
      }
#endif
    } /* next slot */

    result = CURLE_COULDNT_RESOLVE_HOST; /* until we know better */
    if(!rc[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V4] || !rc[DOH_PROBE_SLOT_IPADDR_V6]) {
      /* we have an address, of one kind or other */
      struct Curl_dns_entry *dns;
      struct Curl_addrinfo *ai;


      if(Curl_trc_ft_is_verbose(data, &Curl_doh_trc)) {
        infof(data, "[DoH] Host name: %s", dohp->host);
        showdoh(data, &de);
      }

      result = doh2ai(&de, dohp->host, dohp->port, &ai);
      if(result) {
        de_cleanup(&de);
        return result;
      }

      if(data->share)
        Curl_share_lock(data, CURL_LOCK_DATA_DNS, CURL_LOCK_ACCESS_SINGLE);

      /* we got a response, store it in the cache */
      dns = Curl_cache_addr(data, ai, dohp->host, 0, dohp->port);

      if(data->share)
        Curl_share_unlock(data, CURL_LOCK_DATA_DNS);

      if(!dns) {
        /* returned failure, bail out nicely */
        Curl_freeaddrinfo(ai);
      }
      else {
        data->state.async.dns = dns;
        *dnsp = dns;
        result = CURLE_OK;      /* address resolution OK */
      }
    } /* address processing done */

    /* Now process any build-specific attributes retrieved from DNS */
#ifdef USE_HTTPSRR
    if(de.numhttps_rrs > 0 && result == CURLE_OK && *dnsp) {
      struct Curl_https_rrinfo *hrr = NULL;
      result = Curl_doh_decode_httpsrr(de.https_rrs->val, de.https_rrs->len,
                                       &hrr);
      if(result) {
        infof(data, "Failed to decode HTTPS RR");
        return result;
      }
      infof(data, "Some HTTPS RR to process");
# ifdef CURLDEBUG
      local_print_httpsrr(data, hrr);
# endif
      (*dnsp)->hinfo = hrr;
    }
#endif

    /* All done */
    de_cleanup(&de);
    Curl_safefree(data->req.doh);
    return result;

  } /* !dohp->pending */

  /* else wait for pending DoH transactions to complete */
  return CURLE_OK;
}

#endif /* CURL_DISABLE_DOH */