openssl/apps/apps.c

/*
 * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
 * in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
 * https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html
 */

#if !defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE) && defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS)
/*
 * On VMS, you need to define this to get the declaration of fileno().  The
 * value 2 is to make sure no function defined in POSIX-2 is left undefined.
 */
# define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 2
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
# include <sys/stat.h>
# include <fcntl.h>
#endif
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/x509.h>
#include <openssl/x509v3.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
#include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
#include <openssl/ui.h>
#include <openssl/safestack.h>
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
# include <openssl/engine.h>
#endif
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
# include <openssl/rsa.h>
#endif
#include <openssl/bn.h>
#include <openssl/ssl.h>
#include "s_apps.h"
#include "apps.h"

#ifdef _WIN32
static int WIN32_rename(const char *from, const char *to);
# define rename(from,to) WIN32_rename((from),(to))
#endif

#define PASS_SOURCE_SIZE_MAX 4

typedef struct {
    const char *name;
    unsigned long flag;
    unsigned long mask;
} NAME_EX_TBL;

static int set_table_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                          const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl);
static int set_multi_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                          const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl);

int app_init(long mesgwin);

int chopup_args(ARGS *arg, char *buf)
{
    int quoted;
    char c = '\0', *p = NULL;

    arg->argc = 0;
    if (arg->size == 0) {
        arg->size = 20;
        arg->argv = app_malloc(sizeof(*arg->argv) * arg->size, "argv space");
    }

    for (p = buf;;) {
        /* Skip whitespace. */
        while (*p && isspace(_UC(*p)))
            p++;
        if (!*p)
            break;

        /* The start of something good :-) */
        if (arg->argc >= arg->size) {
            char **tmp;
            arg->size += 20;
            tmp = OPENSSL_realloc(arg->argv, sizeof(*arg->argv) * arg->size);
            if (tmp == NULL)
                return 0;
            arg->argv = tmp;
        }
        quoted = *p == '\'' || *p == '"';
        if (quoted)
            c = *p++;
        arg->argv[arg->argc++] = p;

        /* now look for the end of this */
        if (quoted) {
            while (*p && *p != c)
                p++;
            *p++ = '\0';
        } else {
            while (*p && !isspace(_UC(*p)))
                p++;
            if (*p)
                *p++ = '\0';
        }
    }
    arg->argv[arg->argc] = NULL;
    return 1;
}

#ifndef APP_INIT
int app_init(long mesgwin)
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

int ctx_set_verify_locations(SSL_CTX *ctx, const char *CAfile,
                             const char *CApath, int noCAfile, int noCApath)
{
    if (CAfile == NULL && CApath == NULL) {
        if (!noCAfile && SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_file(ctx) <= 0)
            return 0;
        if (!noCApath && SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_dir(ctx) <= 0)
            return 0;

        return 1;
    }
    return SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(ctx, CAfile, CApath);
}

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CT

int ctx_set_ctlog_list_file(SSL_CTX *ctx, const char *path)
{
    if (path == NULL)
        return SSL_CTX_set_default_ctlog_list_file(ctx);

    return SSL_CTX_set_ctlog_list_file(ctx, path);
}

#endif

static unsigned long nmflag = 0;
static char nmflag_set = 0;

int set_nameopt(const char *arg)
{
    int ret = set_name_ex(&nmflag, arg);

    if (ret)
        nmflag_set = 1;

    return ret;
}

unsigned long get_nameopt(void)
{
    return (nmflag_set) ? nmflag : XN_FLAG_ONELINE;
}

int dump_cert_text(BIO *out, X509 *x)
{
    print_name(out, "subject=", X509_get_subject_name(x), get_nameopt());
    BIO_puts(out, "\n");
    print_name(out, "issuer=", X509_get_issuer_name(x), get_nameopt());
    BIO_puts(out, "\n");

    return 0;
}

int wrap_password_callback(char *buf, int bufsiz, int verify, void *userdata)
{
    return password_callback(buf, bufsiz, verify, (PW_CB_DATA *)userdata);
}


static char *app_get_pass(const char *arg, int keepbio);

int app_passwd(const char *arg1, const char *arg2, char **pass1, char **pass2)
{
    int same = arg1 != NULL && arg2 != NULL && strcmp(arg1, arg2) == 0;

    if (arg1 != NULL) {
        *pass1 = app_get_pass(arg1, same);
        if (*pass1 == NULL)
            return 0;
    } else if (pass1 != NULL) {
        *pass1 = NULL;
    }
    if (arg2 != NULL) {
        *pass2 = app_get_pass(arg2, same ? 2 : 0);
        if (*pass2 == NULL)
            return 0;
    } else if (pass2 != NULL) {
        *pass2 = NULL;
    }
    return 1;
}

static char *app_get_pass(const char *arg, int keepbio)
{
    static BIO *pwdbio = NULL;
    char *tmp, tpass[APP_PASS_LEN];
    int i;

    /* PASS_SOURCE_SIZE_MAX = max number of chars before ':' in below strings */
    if (strncmp(arg, "pass:", 5) == 0)
        return OPENSSL_strdup(arg + 5);
    if (strncmp(arg, "env:", 4) == 0) {
        tmp = getenv(arg + 4);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "No environment variable %s\n", arg + 4);
            return NULL;
        }
        return OPENSSL_strdup(tmp);
    }
    if (!keepbio || pwdbio == NULL) {
        if (strncmp(arg, "file:", 5) == 0) {
            pwdbio = BIO_new_file(arg + 5, "r");
            if (pwdbio == NULL) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't open file %s\n", arg + 5);
                return NULL;
            }
#if !defined(_WIN32)
            /*
             * Under _WIN32, which covers even Win64 and CE, file
             * descriptors referenced by BIO_s_fd are not inherited
             * by child process and therefore below is not an option.
             * It could have been an option if bss_fd.c was operating
             * on real Windows descriptors, such as those obtained
             * with CreateFile.
             */
        } else if (strncmp(arg, "fd:", 3) == 0) {
            BIO *btmp;
            i = atoi(arg + 3);
            if (i >= 0)
                pwdbio = BIO_new_fd(i, BIO_NOCLOSE);
            if ((i < 0) || !pwdbio) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't access file descriptor %s\n", arg + 3);
                return NULL;
            }
            /*
             * Can't do BIO_gets on an fd BIO so add a buffering BIO
             */
            btmp = BIO_new(BIO_f_buffer());
            pwdbio = BIO_push(btmp, pwdbio);
#endif
        } else if (strcmp(arg, "stdin") == 0) {
            pwdbio = dup_bio_in(FORMAT_TEXT);
            if (!pwdbio) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't open BIO for stdin\n");
                return NULL;
            }
        } else {
            /* argument syntax error; do not reveal too much about arg */
            tmp = strchr(arg, ':');
            if (tmp == NULL || tmp - arg > PASS_SOURCE_SIZE_MAX)
                BIO_printf(bio_err,
                           "Invalid password argument, missing ':' within the first %d chars\n",
                           PASS_SOURCE_SIZE_MAX + 1);
            else
                BIO_printf(bio_err,
                           "Invalid password argument, starting with \"%.*s\"\n",
                           (int)(tmp - arg + 1), arg);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    i = BIO_gets(pwdbio, tpass, APP_PASS_LEN);
    if (keepbio != 1) {
        BIO_free_all(pwdbio);
        pwdbio = NULL;
    }
    if (i <= 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error reading password from BIO\n");
        return NULL;
    }
    tmp = strchr(tpass, '\n');
    if (tmp != NULL)
        *tmp = 0;
    return OPENSSL_strdup(tpass);
}

CONF *app_load_config_bio(BIO *in, const char *filename)
{
    long errorline = -1;
    CONF *conf;
    int i;

    conf = NCONF_new(NULL);
    i = NCONF_load_bio(conf, in, &errorline);
    if (i > 0)
        return conf;

    if (errorline <= 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Can't load ", opt_getprog());
    } else {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Error on line %ld of ", opt_getprog(),
                   errorline);
    }
    if (filename != NULL)
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "config file \"%s\"\n", filename);
    else
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "config input");

    NCONF_free(conf);
    return NULL;
}

CONF *app_load_config(const char *filename)
{
    BIO *in;
    CONF *conf;

    in = bio_open_default(filename, 'r', FORMAT_TEXT);
    if (in == NULL)
        return NULL;

    conf = app_load_config_bio(in, filename);
    BIO_free(in);
    return conf;
}

CONF *app_load_config_quiet(const char *filename)
{
    BIO *in;
    CONF *conf;

    in = bio_open_default_quiet(filename, 'r', FORMAT_TEXT);
    if (in == NULL)
        return NULL;

    conf = app_load_config_bio(in, filename);
    BIO_free(in);
    return conf;
}

int app_load_modules(const CONF *config)
{
    CONF *to_free = NULL;

    if (config == NULL)
        config = to_free = app_load_config_quiet(default_config_file);
    if (config == NULL)
        return 1;

    if (CONF_modules_load(config, NULL, 0) <= 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error configuring OpenSSL modules\n");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        NCONF_free(to_free);
        return 0;
    }
    NCONF_free(to_free);
    return 1;
}

int add_oid_section(CONF *conf)
{
    char *p;
    STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *sktmp;
    CONF_VALUE *cnf;
    int i;

    if ((p = NCONF_get_string(conf, NULL, "oid_section")) == NULL) {
        ERR_clear_error();
        return 1;
    }
    if ((sktmp = NCONF_get_section(conf, p)) == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "problem loading oid section %s\n", p);
        return 0;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(sktmp); i++) {
        cnf = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(sktmp, i);
        if (OBJ_create(cnf->value, cnf->name, cnf->name) == NID_undef) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "problem creating object %s=%s\n",
                       cnf->name, cnf->value);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

static int load_pkcs12(BIO *in, const char *desc,
                       pem_password_cb *pem_cb, PW_CB_DATA *cb_data,
                       EVP_PKEY **pkey, X509 **cert, STACK_OF(X509) **ca)
{
    const char *pass;
    char tpass[PEM_BUFSIZE];
    int len, ret = 0;
    PKCS12 *p12;
    p12 = d2i_PKCS12_bio(in, NULL);
    if (p12 == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading PKCS12 file for %s\n", desc);
        goto die;
    }
    /* See if an empty password will do */
    if (PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, "", 0) || PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, NULL, 0)) {
        pass = "";
    } else {
        if (!pem_cb)
            pem_cb = (pem_password_cb *)password_callback;
        len = pem_cb(tpass, PEM_BUFSIZE, 0, cb_data);
        if (len < 0) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "Passphrase callback error for %s\n", desc);
            goto die;
        }
        if (len < PEM_BUFSIZE)
            tpass[len] = 0;
        if (!PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, tpass, len)) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err,
                       "Mac verify error (wrong password?) in PKCS12 file for %s\n",
                       desc);
            goto die;
        }
        pass = tpass;
    }
    ret = PKCS12_parse(p12, pass, pkey, cert, ca);
 die:
    PKCS12_free(p12);
    return ret;
}

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
static int load_cert_crl_http(const char *url, X509 **pcert, X509_CRL **pcrl)
{
    char *host = NULL, *port = NULL, *path = NULL;
    BIO *bio = NULL;
    OCSP_REQ_CTX *rctx = NULL;
    int use_ssl, rv = 0;
    if (!OCSP_parse_url(url, &host, &port, &path, &use_ssl))
        goto err;
    if (use_ssl) {
        BIO_puts(bio_err, "https not supported\n");
        goto err;
    }
    bio = BIO_new_connect(host);
    if (!bio || !BIO_set_conn_port(bio, port))
        goto err;
    rctx = OCSP_REQ_CTX_new(bio, 1024);
    if (rctx == NULL)
        goto err;
    if (!OCSP_REQ_CTX_http(rctx, "GET", path))
        goto err;
    if (!OCSP_REQ_CTX_add1_header(rctx, "Host", host))
        goto err;
    if (pcert) {
        do {
            rv = X509_http_nbio(rctx, pcert);
        } while (rv == -1);
    } else {
        do {
            rv = X509_CRL_http_nbio(rctx, pcrl);
        } while (rv == -1);
    }

 err:
    OPENSSL_free(host);
    OPENSSL_free(path);
    OPENSSL_free(port);
    BIO_free_all(bio);
    OCSP_REQ_CTX_free(rctx);
    if (rv != 1) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading %s from %s\n",
                   pcert ? "certificate" : "CRL", url);
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    }
    return rv;
}
#endif

X509 *load_cert(const char *file, int format, const char *cert_descrip)
{
    X509 *x = NULL;
    BIO *cert;

    if (format == FORMAT_HTTP) {
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
        load_cert_crl_http(file, &x, NULL);
#endif
        return x;
    }

    if (file == NULL) {
        unbuffer(stdin);
        cert = dup_bio_in(format);
    } else {
        cert = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
    }
    if (cert == NULL)
        goto end;

    if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
        x = d2i_X509_bio(cert, NULL);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
        x = PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(cert, NULL,
                                  (pem_password_cb *)password_callback, NULL);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PKCS12) {
        if (!load_pkcs12(cert, cert_descrip, NULL, NULL, NULL, &x, NULL))
            goto end;
    } else {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for %s\n", cert_descrip);
        goto end;
    }
 end:
    if (x == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load certificate\n");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    }
    BIO_free(cert);
    return x;
}

X509_CRL *load_crl(const char *infile, int format)
{
    X509_CRL *x = NULL;
    BIO *in = NULL;

    if (format == FORMAT_HTTP) {
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
        load_cert_crl_http(infile, NULL, &x);
#endif
        return x;
    }

    in = bio_open_default(infile, 'r', format);
    if (in == NULL)
        goto end;
    if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
        x = d2i_X509_CRL_bio(in, NULL);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
        x = PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    } else {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for input crl\n");
        goto end;
    }
    if (x == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load CRL\n");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        goto end;
    }

 end:
    BIO_free(in);
    return x;
}

EVP_PKEY *load_key(const char *file, int format, int maybe_stdin,
                   const char *pass, ENGINE *e, const char *key_descrip)
{
    BIO *key = NULL;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;
    PW_CB_DATA cb_data;

    cb_data.password = pass;
    cb_data.prompt_info = file;

    if (file == NULL && (!maybe_stdin || format == FORMAT_ENGINE)) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "no keyfile specified\n");
        goto end;
    }
    if (format == FORMAT_ENGINE) {
        if (e == NULL) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "no engine specified\n");
        } else {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
            if (ENGINE_init(e)) {
                pkey = ENGINE_load_private_key(e, file,
                                               (UI_METHOD *)get_ui_method(),
                                               &cb_data);
                ENGINE_finish(e);
            }
            if (pkey == NULL) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "cannot load %s from engine\n", key_descrip);
                ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
            }
#else
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "engines not supported\n");
#endif
        }
        goto end;
    }
    if (file == NULL && maybe_stdin) {
        unbuffer(stdin);
        key = dup_bio_in(format);
    } else {
        key = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
    }
    if (key == NULL)
        goto end;
    if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
        pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(key, NULL);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
        pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(key, NULL, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PKCS12) {
        if (!load_pkcs12(key, key_descrip, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data,
                         &pkey, NULL, NULL))
            goto end;
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_RSA) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DSA) && !defined (OPENSSL_NO_RC4)
    } else if (format == FORMAT_MSBLOB) {
        pkey = b2i_PrivateKey_bio(key);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PVK) {
        pkey = b2i_PVK_bio(key, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data);
#endif
    } else {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for key file\n");
        goto end;
    }
 end:
    BIO_free(key);
    if (pkey == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n", key_descrip);
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    }
    return pkey;
}

EVP_PKEY *load_pubkey(const char *file, int format, int maybe_stdin,
                      const char *pass, ENGINE *e, const char *key_descrip)
{
    BIO *key = NULL;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;
    PW_CB_DATA cb_data;

    cb_data.password = pass;
    cb_data.prompt_info = file;

    if (file == NULL && (!maybe_stdin || format == FORMAT_ENGINE)) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "no keyfile specified\n");
        goto end;
    }
    if (format == FORMAT_ENGINE) {
        if (e == NULL) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "no engine specified\n");
        } else {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
            pkey = ENGINE_load_public_key(e, file, (UI_METHOD *)get_ui_method(),
                                          &cb_data);
            if (pkey == NULL) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "cannot load %s from engine\n", key_descrip);
                ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
            }
#else
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "engines not supported\n");
#endif
        }
        goto end;
    }
    if (file == NULL && maybe_stdin) {
        unbuffer(stdin);
        key = dup_bio_in(format);
    } else {
        key = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
    }
    if (key == NULL)
        goto end;
    if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
        pkey = d2i_PUBKEY_bio(key, NULL);
    } else if (format == FORMAT_ASN1RSA) {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
        RSA *rsa;
        rsa = d2i_RSAPublicKey_bio(key, NULL);
        if (rsa) {
            pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
            if (pkey != NULL)
                EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
            RSA_free(rsa);
        } else
#else
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "RSA keys not supported\n");
#endif
            pkey = NULL;
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PEMRSA) {
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
        RSA *rsa;
        rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(key, NULL,
                                        (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                        &cb_data);
        if (rsa != NULL) {
            pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
            if (pkey != NULL)
                EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
            RSA_free(rsa);
        } else
#else
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "RSA keys not supported\n");
#endif
            pkey = NULL;
    } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
        pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(key, NULL,
                                   (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                   &cb_data);
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_RSA) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DSA)
    } else if (format == FORMAT_MSBLOB) {
        pkey = b2i_PublicKey_bio(key);
#endif
    }
 end:
    BIO_free(key);
    if (pkey == NULL)
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n", key_descrip);
    return pkey;
}

static int load_certs_crls(const char *file, int format,
                           const char *pass, const char *desc,
                           STACK_OF(X509) **pcerts,
                           STACK_OF(X509_CRL) **pcrls)
{
    int i;
    BIO *bio;
    STACK_OF(X509_INFO) *xis = NULL;
    X509_INFO *xi;
    PW_CB_DATA cb_data;
    int rv = 0;

    cb_data.password = pass;
    cb_data.prompt_info = file;

    if (format != FORMAT_PEM) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for %s\n", desc);
        return 0;
    }

    bio = bio_open_default(file, 'r', FORMAT_PEM);
    if (bio == NULL)
        return 0;

    xis = PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio(bio, NULL,
                                 (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                 &cb_data);

    BIO_free(bio);

    if (pcerts != NULL && *pcerts == NULL) {
        *pcerts = sk_X509_new_null();
        if (*pcerts == NULL)
            goto end;
    }

    if (pcrls != NULL && *pcrls == NULL) {
        *pcrls = sk_X509_CRL_new_null();
        if (*pcrls == NULL)
            goto end;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_INFO_num(xis); i++) {
        xi = sk_X509_INFO_value(xis, i);
        if (xi->x509 != NULL && pcerts != NULL) {
            if (!sk_X509_push(*pcerts, xi->x509))
                goto end;
            xi->x509 = NULL;
        }
        if (xi->crl != NULL && pcrls != NULL) {
            if (!sk_X509_CRL_push(*pcrls, xi->crl))
                goto end;
            xi->crl = NULL;
        }
    }

    if (pcerts != NULL && sk_X509_num(*pcerts) > 0)
        rv = 1;

    if (pcrls != NULL && sk_X509_CRL_num(*pcrls) > 0)
        rv = 1;

 end:

    sk_X509_INFO_pop_free(xis, X509_INFO_free);

    if (rv == 0) {
        if (pcerts != NULL) {
            sk_X509_pop_free(*pcerts, X509_free);
            *pcerts = NULL;
        }
        if (pcrls != NULL) {
            sk_X509_CRL_pop_free(*pcrls, X509_CRL_free);
            *pcrls = NULL;
        }
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n",
                   pcerts ? "certificates" : "CRLs");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    }
    return rv;
}

void* app_malloc(int sz, const char *what)
{
    void *vp = OPENSSL_malloc(sz);

    if (vp == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Could not allocate %d bytes for %s\n",
                opt_getprog(), sz, what);
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        exit(1);
    }
    return vp;
}

/*
 * Initialize or extend, if *certs != NULL, a certificate stack.
 */
int load_certs(const char *file, STACK_OF(X509) **certs, int format,
               const char *pass, const char *desc)
{
    return load_certs_crls(file, format, pass, desc, certs, NULL);
}

/*
 * Initialize or extend, if *crls != NULL, a certificate stack.
 */
int load_crls(const char *file, STACK_OF(X509_CRL) **crls, int format,
              const char *pass, const char *desc)
{
    return load_certs_crls(file, format, pass, desc, NULL, crls);
}

#define X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK         (0xfL << 16)
/* Return error for unknown extensions */
#define X509V3_EXT_DEFAULT              0
/* Print error for unknown extensions */
#define X509V3_EXT_ERROR_UNKNOWN        (1L << 16)
/* ASN1 parse unknown extensions */
#define X509V3_EXT_PARSE_UNKNOWN        (2L << 16)
/* BIO_dump unknown extensions */
#define X509V3_EXT_DUMP_UNKNOWN         (3L << 16)

#define X509_FLAG_CA (X509_FLAG_NO_ISSUER | X509_FLAG_NO_PUBKEY | \
                         X509_FLAG_NO_HEADER | X509_FLAG_NO_VERSION)

int set_cert_ex(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg)
{
    static const NAME_EX_TBL cert_tbl[] = {
        {"compatible", X509_FLAG_COMPAT, 0xffffffffl},
        {"ca_default", X509_FLAG_CA, 0xffffffffl},
        {"no_header", X509_FLAG_NO_HEADER, 0},
        {"no_version", X509_FLAG_NO_VERSION, 0},
        {"no_serial", X509_FLAG_NO_SERIAL, 0},
        {"no_signame", X509_FLAG_NO_SIGNAME, 0},
        {"no_validity", X509_FLAG_NO_VALIDITY, 0},
        {"no_subject", X509_FLAG_NO_SUBJECT, 0},
        {"no_issuer", X509_FLAG_NO_ISSUER, 0},
        {"no_pubkey", X509_FLAG_NO_PUBKEY, 0},
        {"no_extensions", X509_FLAG_NO_EXTENSIONS, 0},
        {"no_sigdump", X509_FLAG_NO_SIGDUMP, 0},
        {"no_aux", X509_FLAG_NO_AUX, 0},
        {"no_attributes", X509_FLAG_NO_ATTRIBUTES, 0},
        {"ext_default", X509V3_EXT_DEFAULT, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
        {"ext_error", X509V3_EXT_ERROR_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
        {"ext_parse", X509V3_EXT_PARSE_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
        {"ext_dump", X509V3_EXT_DUMP_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
        {NULL, 0, 0}
    };
    return set_multi_opts(flags, arg, cert_tbl);
}

int set_name_ex(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg)
{
    static const NAME_EX_TBL ex_tbl[] = {
        {"esc_2253", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2253, 0},
        {"esc_2254", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2254, 0},
        {"esc_ctrl", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL, 0},
        {"esc_msb", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB, 0},
        {"use_quote", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_QUOTE, 0},
        {"utf8", ASN1_STRFLGS_UTF8_CONVERT, 0},
        {"ignore_type", ASN1_STRFLGS_IGNORE_TYPE, 0},
        {"show_type", ASN1_STRFLGS_SHOW_TYPE, 0},
        {"dump_all", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_ALL, 0},
        {"dump_nostr", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_UNKNOWN, 0},
        {"dump_der", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_DER, 0},
        {"compat", XN_FLAG_COMPAT, 0xffffffffL},
        {"sep_comma_plus", XN_FLAG_SEP_COMMA_PLUS, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
        {"sep_comma_plus_space", XN_FLAG_SEP_CPLUS_SPC, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
        {"sep_semi_plus_space", XN_FLAG_SEP_SPLUS_SPC, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
        {"sep_multiline", XN_FLAG_SEP_MULTILINE, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
        {"dn_rev", XN_FLAG_DN_REV, 0},
        {"nofname", XN_FLAG_FN_NONE, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
        {"sname", XN_FLAG_FN_SN, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
        {"lname", XN_FLAG_FN_LN, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
        {"align", XN_FLAG_FN_ALIGN, 0},
        {"oid", XN_FLAG_FN_OID, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
        {"space_eq", XN_FLAG_SPC_EQ, 0},
        {"dump_unknown", XN_FLAG_DUMP_UNKNOWN_FIELDS, 0},
        {"RFC2253", XN_FLAG_RFC2253, 0xffffffffL},
        {"oneline", XN_FLAG_ONELINE, 0xffffffffL},
        {"multiline", XN_FLAG_MULTILINE, 0xffffffffL},
        {"ca_default", XN_FLAG_MULTILINE, 0xffffffffL},
        {NULL, 0, 0}
    };
    if (set_multi_opts(flags, arg, ex_tbl) == 0)
        return 0;
    if (*flags != XN_FLAG_COMPAT
        && (*flags & XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK) == 0)
        *flags |= XN_FLAG_SEP_CPLUS_SPC;
    return 1;
}

int set_ext_copy(int *copy_type, const char *arg)
{
    if (strcasecmp(arg, "none") == 0)
        *copy_type = EXT_COPY_NONE;
    else if (strcasecmp(arg, "copy") == 0)
        *copy_type = EXT_COPY_ADD;
    else if (strcasecmp(arg, "copyall") == 0)
        *copy_type = EXT_COPY_ALL;
    else
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

int copy_extensions(X509 *x, X509_REQ *req, int copy_type)
{
    STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *exts = NULL;
    X509_EXTENSION *ext, *tmpext;
    ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
    int i, idx, ret = 0;
    if (!x || !req || (copy_type == EXT_COPY_NONE))
        return 1;
    exts = X509_REQ_get_extensions(req);

    for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_EXTENSION_num(exts); i++) {
        ext = sk_X509_EXTENSION_value(exts, i);
        obj = X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext);
        idx = X509_get_ext_by_OBJ(x, obj, -1);
        /* Does extension exist? */
        if (idx != -1) {
            /* If normal copy don't override existing extension */
            if (copy_type == EXT_COPY_ADD)
                continue;
            /* Delete all extensions of same type */
            do {
                tmpext = X509_get_ext(x, idx);
                X509_delete_ext(x, idx);
                X509_EXTENSION_free(tmpext);
                idx = X509_get_ext_by_OBJ(x, obj, -1);
            } while (idx != -1);
        }
        if (!X509_add_ext(x, ext, -1))
            goto end;
    }

    ret = 1;

 end:

    sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(exts, X509_EXTENSION_free);

    return ret;
}

static int set_multi_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                          const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl)
{
    STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *vals;
    CONF_VALUE *val;
    int i, ret = 1;
    if (!arg)
        return 0;
    vals = X509V3_parse_list(arg);
    for (i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(vals); i++) {
        val = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(vals, i);
        if (!set_table_opts(flags, val->name, in_tbl))
            ret = 0;
    }
    sk_CONF_VALUE_pop_free(vals, X509V3_conf_free);
    return ret;
}

static int set_table_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                          const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl)
{
    char c;
    const NAME_EX_TBL *ptbl;
    c = arg[0];

    if (c == '-') {
        c = 0;
        arg++;
    } else if (c == '+') {
        c = 1;
        arg++;
    } else {
        c = 1;
    }

    for (ptbl = in_tbl; ptbl->name; ptbl++) {
        if (strcasecmp(arg, ptbl->name) == 0) {
            *flags &= ~ptbl->mask;
            if (c)
                *flags |= ptbl->flag;
            else
                *flags &= ~ptbl->flag;
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

void print_name(BIO *out, const char *title, X509_NAME *nm,
                unsigned long lflags)
{
    char *buf;
    char mline = 0;
    int indent = 0;

    if (title)
        BIO_puts(out, title);
    if ((lflags & XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK) == XN_FLAG_SEP_MULTILINE) {
        mline = 1;
        indent = 4;
    }
    if (lflags == XN_FLAG_COMPAT) {
        buf = X509_NAME_oneline(nm, 0, 0);
        BIO_puts(out, buf);
        BIO_puts(out, "\n");
        OPENSSL_free(buf);
    } else {
        if (mline)
            BIO_puts(out, "\n");
        X509_NAME_print_ex(out, nm, indent, lflags);
        BIO_puts(out, "\n");
    }
}

void print_bignum_var(BIO *out, const BIGNUM *in, const char *var,
                      int len, unsigned char *buffer)
{
    BIO_printf(out, "    static unsigned char %s_%d[] = {", var, len);
    if (BN_is_zero(in)) {
        BIO_printf(out, "\n        0x00");
    } else {
        int i, l;

        l = BN_bn2bin(in, buffer);
        for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
            BIO_printf(out, (i % 10) == 0 ? "\n        " : " ");
            if (i < l - 1)
                BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X,", buffer[i]);
            else
                BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X", buffer[i]);
        }
    }
    BIO_printf(out, "\n    };\n");
}

void print_array(BIO *out, const char* title, int len, const unsigned char* d)
{
    int i;

    BIO_printf(out, "unsigned char %s[%d] = {", title, len);
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if ((i % 10) == 0)
            BIO_printf(out, "\n    ");
        if (i < len - 1)
            BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X, ", d[i]);
        else
            BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X", d[i]);
    }
    BIO_printf(out, "\n};\n");
}

X509_STORE *setup_verify(const char *CAfile, const char *CApath, int noCAfile, int noCApath)
{
    X509_STORE *store = X509_STORE_new();
    X509_LOOKUP *lookup;

    if (store == NULL)
        goto end;

    if (CAfile != NULL || !noCAfile) {
        lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_file());
        if (lookup == NULL)
            goto end;
        if (CAfile) {
            if (!X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, CAfile, X509_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading file %s\n", CAfile);
                goto end;
            }
        } else {
            X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, NULL, X509_FILETYPE_DEFAULT);
        }
    }

    if (CApath != NULL || !noCApath) {
        lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir());
        if (lookup == NULL)
            goto end;
        if (CApath) {
            if (!X509_LOOKUP_add_dir(lookup, CApath, X509_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
                BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading directory %s\n", CApath);
                goto end;
            }
        } else {
            X509_LOOKUP_add_dir(lookup, NULL, X509_FILETYPE_DEFAULT);
        }
    }

    ERR_clear_error();
    return store;
 end:
    X509_STORE_free(store);
    return NULL;
}

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
/* Try to load an engine in a shareable library */
static ENGINE *try_load_engine(const char *engine)
{
    ENGINE *e = ENGINE_by_id("dynamic");
    if (e) {
        if (!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, "SO_PATH", engine, 0)
            || !ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, "LOAD", NULL, 0)) {
            ENGINE_free(e);
            e = NULL;
        }
    }
    return e;
}
#endif

ENGINE *setup_engine(const char *engine, int debug)
{
    ENGINE *e = NULL;

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
    if (engine != NULL) {
        if (strcmp(engine, "auto") == 0) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "enabling auto ENGINE support\n");
            ENGINE_register_all_complete();
            return NULL;
        }
        if ((e = ENGINE_by_id(engine)) == NULL
            && (e = try_load_engine(engine)) == NULL) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "invalid engine \"%s\"\n", engine);
            ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (debug) {
            ENGINE_ctrl(e, ENGINE_CTRL_SET_LOGSTREAM, 0, bio_err, 0);
        }
        ENGINE_ctrl_cmd(e, "SET_USER_INTERFACE", 0, (void *)get_ui_method(),
                        0, 1);
        if (!ENGINE_set_default(e, ENGINE_METHOD_ALL)) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "can't use that engine\n");
            ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
            ENGINE_free(e);
            return NULL;
        }

        BIO_printf(bio_err, "engine \"%s\" set.\n", ENGINE_get_id(e));
    }
#endif
    return e;
}

void release_engine(ENGINE *e)
{
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
    if (e != NULL)
        /* Free our "structural" reference. */
        ENGINE_free(e);
#endif
}

static unsigned long index_serial_hash(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a)
{
    const char *n;

    n = a[DB_serial];
    while (*n == '0')
        n++;
    return OPENSSL_LH_strhash(n);
}

static int index_serial_cmp(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a,
                            const OPENSSL_CSTRING *b)
{
    const char *aa, *bb;

    for (aa = a[DB_serial]; *aa == '0'; aa++) ;
    for (bb = b[DB_serial]; *bb == '0'; bb++) ;
    return strcmp(aa, bb);
}

static int index_name_qual(char **a)
{
    return (a[0][0] == 'V');
}

static unsigned long index_name_hash(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a)
{
    return OPENSSL_LH_strhash(a[DB_name]);
}

int index_name_cmp(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a, const OPENSSL_CSTRING *b)
{
    return strcmp(a[DB_name], b[DB_name]);
}

static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
#undef BSIZE
#define BSIZE 256
BIGNUM *load_serial(const char *serialfile, int create, ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
{
    BIO *in = NULL;
    BIGNUM *ret = NULL;
    char buf[1024];
    ASN1_INTEGER *ai = NULL;

    ai = ASN1_INTEGER_new();
    if (ai == NULL)
        goto err;

    in = BIO_new_file(serialfile, "r");
    if (in == NULL) {
        if (!create) {
            perror(serialfile);
            goto err;
        }
        ERR_clear_error();
        ret = BN_new();
        if (ret == NULL || !rand_serial(ret, ai))
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "Out of memory\n");
    } else {
        if (!a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(in, ai, buf, 1024)) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load number from %s\n",
                       serialfile);
            goto err;
        }
        ret = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai, NULL);
        if (ret == NULL) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err,
                       "error converting number from bin to BIGNUM\n");
            goto err;
        }
    }

    if (ret && retai) {
        *retai = ai;
        ai = NULL;
    }
 err:
    BIO_free(in);
    ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
    return ret;
}

int save_serial(const char *serialfile, const char *suffix, const BIGNUM *serial,
                ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
{
    char buf[1][BSIZE];
    BIO *out = NULL;
    int ret = 0;
    ASN1_INTEGER *ai = NULL;
    int j;

    if (suffix == NULL)
        j = strlen(serialfile);
    else
        j = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(suffix) + 1;
    if (j >= BSIZE) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
        goto err;
    }

    if (suffix == NULL)
        OPENSSL_strlcpy(buf[0], serialfile, BSIZE);
    else {
#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
        j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", serialfile, suffix);
#else
        j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", serialfile, suffix);
#endif
    }
    out = BIO_new_file(buf[0], "w");
    if (out == NULL) {
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        goto err;
    }

    if ((ai = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial, NULL)) == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "error converting serial to ASN.1 format\n");
        goto err;
    }
    i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(out, ai);
    BIO_puts(out, "\n");
    ret = 1;
    if (retai) {
        *retai = ai;
        ai = NULL;
    }
 err:
    BIO_free_all(out);
    ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
    return ret;
}

int rotate_serial(const char *serialfile, const char *new_suffix,
                  const char *old_suffix)
{
    char buf[2][BSIZE];
    int i, j;

    i = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(old_suffix);
    j = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(new_suffix);
    if (i > j)
        j = i;
    if (j + 1 >= BSIZE) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
        goto err;
    }
#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", serialfile, new_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.%s", serialfile, old_suffix);
#else
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", serialfile, new_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-%s", serialfile, old_suffix);
#endif
    if (rename(serialfile, buf[1]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
#ifdef ENOTDIR
        && errno != ENOTDIR
#endif
        ) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "unable to rename %s to %s\n", serialfile, buf[1]);
        perror("reason");
        goto err;
    }
    if (rename(buf[0], serialfile) < 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[0], serialfile);
        perror("reason");
        rename(buf[1], serialfile);
        goto err;
    }
    return 1;
 err:
    return 0;
}

int rand_serial(BIGNUM *b, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
{
    BIGNUM *btmp;
    int ret = 0;

    btmp = b == NULL ? BN_new() : b;
    if (btmp == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (!BN_rand(btmp, SERIAL_RAND_BITS, BN_RAND_TOP_ANY, BN_RAND_BOTTOM_ANY))
        goto error;
    if (ai && !BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(btmp, ai))
        goto error;

    ret = 1;

 error:

    if (btmp != b)
        BN_free(btmp);

    return ret;
}

CA_DB *load_index(const char *dbfile, DB_ATTR *db_attr)
{
    CA_DB *retdb = NULL;
    TXT_DB *tmpdb = NULL;
    BIO *in;
    CONF *dbattr_conf = NULL;
    char buf[BSIZE];
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
    FILE *dbfp;
    struct stat dbst;
#endif

    in = BIO_new_file(dbfile, "r");
    if (in == NULL) {
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        goto err;
    }

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
    BIO_get_fp(in, &dbfp);
    if (fstat(fileno(dbfp), &dbst) == -1) {
        SYSerr(SYS_F_FSTAT, errno);
        ERR_add_error_data(3, "fstat('", dbfile, "')");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
        goto err;
    }
#endif

    if ((tmpdb = TXT_DB_read(in, DB_NUMBER)) == NULL)
        goto err;

#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    BIO_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.attr", dbfile);
#else
    BIO_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s-attr", dbfile);
#endif
    dbattr_conf = app_load_config_quiet(buf);

    retdb = app_malloc(sizeof(*retdb), "new DB");
    retdb->db = tmpdb;
    tmpdb = NULL;
    if (db_attr)
        retdb->attributes = *db_attr;
    else {
        retdb->attributes.unique_subject = 1;
    }

    if (dbattr_conf) {
        char *p = NCONF_get_string(dbattr_conf, NULL, "unique_subject");
        if (p) {
            retdb->attributes.unique_subject = parse_yesno(p, 1);
        }
    }

    retdb->dbfname = OPENSSL_strdup(dbfile);
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
    retdb->dbst = dbst;
#endif

 err:
    NCONF_free(dbattr_conf);
    TXT_DB_free(tmpdb);
    BIO_free_all(in);
    return retdb;
}

/*
 * Returns > 0 on success, <= 0 on error
 */
int index_index(CA_DB *db)
{
    if (!TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_serial, NULL,
                             LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial),
                             LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial))) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "error creating serial number index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
                   db->db->error, db->db->arg1, db->db->arg2);
        return 0;
    }

    if (db->attributes.unique_subject
        && !TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_name, index_name_qual,
                                LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name),
                                LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name))) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "error creating name index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
                   db->db->error, db->db->arg1, db->db->arg2);
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

int save_index(const char *dbfile, const char *suffix, CA_DB *db)
{
    char buf[3][BSIZE];
    BIO *out;
    int j;

    j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(suffix);
    if (j + 6 >= BSIZE) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
        goto err;
    }
#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s.attr", dbfile);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", dbfile, suffix);
#else
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s-attr", dbfile);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", dbfile, suffix);
#endif
    out = BIO_new_file(buf[0], "w");
    if (out == NULL) {
        perror(dbfile);
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to open '%s'\n", dbfile);
        goto err;
    }
    j = TXT_DB_write(out, db->db);
    BIO_free(out);
    if (j <= 0)
        goto err;

    out = BIO_new_file(buf[1], "w");
    if (out == NULL) {
        perror(buf[2]);
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to open '%s'\n", buf[2]);
        goto err;
    }
    BIO_printf(out, "unique_subject = %s\n",
               db->attributes.unique_subject ? "yes" : "no");
    BIO_free(out);

    return 1;
 err:
    return 0;
}

int rotate_index(const char *dbfile, const char *new_suffix,
                 const char *old_suffix)
{
    char buf[5][BSIZE];
    int i, j;

    i = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(old_suffix);
    j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(new_suffix);
    if (i > j)
        j = i;
    if (j + 6 >= BSIZE) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
        goto err;
    }
#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof(buf[4]), "%s.attr", dbfile);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof(buf[3]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
#else
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof(buf[4]), "%s-attr", dbfile);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof(buf[3]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
    j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
#endif
    if (rename(dbfile, buf[1]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
#ifdef ENOTDIR
        && errno != ENOTDIR
#endif
        ) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", dbfile, buf[1]);
        perror("reason");
        goto err;
    }
    if (rename(buf[0], dbfile) < 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[0], dbfile);
        perror("reason");
        rename(buf[1], dbfile);
        goto err;
    }
    if (rename(buf[4], buf[3]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
#ifdef ENOTDIR
        && errno != ENOTDIR
#endif
        ) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[4], buf[3]);
        perror("reason");
        rename(dbfile, buf[0]);
        rename(buf[1], dbfile);
        goto err;
    }
    if (rename(buf[2], buf[4]) < 0) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[2], buf[4]);
        perror("reason");
        rename(buf[3], buf[4]);
        rename(dbfile, buf[0]);
        rename(buf[1], dbfile);
        goto err;
    }
    return 1;
 err:
    return 0;
}

void free_index(CA_DB *db)
{
    if (db) {
        TXT_DB_free(db->db);
        OPENSSL_free(db->dbfname);
        OPENSSL_free(db);
    }
}

int parse_yesno(const char *str, int def)
{
    if (str) {
        switch (*str) {
        case 'f':              /* false */
        case 'F':              /* FALSE */
        case 'n':              /* no */
        case 'N':              /* NO */
        case '0':              /* 0 */
            return 0;
        case 't':              /* true */
        case 'T':              /* TRUE */
        case 'y':              /* yes */
        case 'Y':              /* YES */
        case '1':              /* 1 */
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return def;
}

/*
 * name is expected to be in the format /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...
 * where characters may be escaped by \
 */
X509_NAME *parse_name(const char *cp, long chtype, int canmulti)
{
    int nextismulti = 0;
    char *work;
    X509_NAME *n;

    if (*cp++ != '/') {
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "name is expected to be in the format "
                   "/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=... where characters may "
                   "be escaped by \\. This name is not in that format: '%s'\n",
                   --cp);
        return NULL;
    }

    n = X509_NAME_new();
    if (n == NULL)
        return NULL;
    work = OPENSSL_strdup(cp);
    if (work == NULL) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Error copying name input\n", opt_getprog());
        goto err;
    }

    while (*cp) {
        char *bp = work;
        char *typestr = bp;
        unsigned char *valstr;
        int nid;
        int ismulti = nextismulti;
        nextismulti = 0;

        /* Collect the type */
        while (*cp && *cp != '=')
            *bp++ = *cp++;
        if (*cp == '\0') {
            BIO_printf(bio_err,
                    "%s: Hit end of string before finding the '='\n",
                    opt_getprog());
            goto err;
        }
        *bp++ = '\0';
        ++cp;

        /* Collect the value. */
        valstr = (unsigned char *)bp;
        for (; *cp && *cp != '/'; *bp++ = *cp++) {
            if (canmulti && *cp == '+') {
                nextismulti = 1;
                break;
            }
            if (*cp == '\\' && *++cp == '\0') {
                BIO_printf(bio_err,
                           "%s: escape character at end of string\n",
                           opt_getprog());
                goto err;
            }
        }
        *bp++ = '\0';

        /* If not at EOS (must be + or /), move forward. */
        if (*cp)
            ++cp;

        /* Parse */
        nid = OBJ_txt2nid(typestr);
        if (nid == NID_undef) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Skipping unknown attribute \"%s\"\n",
                       opt_getprog(), typestr);
            continue;
        }
        if (*valstr == '\0') {
            BIO_printf(bio_err,
                       "%s: No value provided for Subject Attribute %s, skipped\n",
                       opt_getprog(), typestr);
            continue;
        }
        if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_NID(n, nid, chtype,
                                        valstr, strlen((char *)valstr),
                                        -1, ismulti ? -1 : 0)) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Error adding name attribute \"/%s=%s\"\n",
                       opt_getprog(), typestr ,valstr);
            goto err;
        }
    }

    OPENSSL_free(work);
    return n;

 err:
    X509_NAME_free(n);
    OPENSSL_free(work);
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Read whole contents of a BIO into an allocated memory buffer and return
 * it.
 */

int bio_to_mem(unsigned char **out, int maxlen, BIO *in)
{
    BIO *mem;
    int len, ret;
    unsigned char tbuf[1024];

    mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
    if (mem == NULL)
        return -1;
    for (;;) {
        if ((maxlen != -1) && maxlen < 1024)
            len = maxlen;
        else
            len = 1024;
        len = BIO_read(in, tbuf, len);
        if (len < 0) {
            BIO_free(mem);
            return -1;
        }
        if (len == 0)
            break;
        if (BIO_write(mem, tbuf, len) != len) {
            BIO_free(mem);
            return -1;
        }
        maxlen -= len;

        if (maxlen == 0)
            break;
    }
    ret = BIO_get_mem_data(mem, (char **)out);
    BIO_set_flags(mem, BIO_FLAGS_MEM_RDONLY);
    BIO_free(mem);
    return ret;
}

int pkey_ctrl_string(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, const char *value)
{
    int rv;
    char *stmp, *vtmp = NULL;
    stmp = OPENSSL_strdup(value);
    if (!stmp)
        return -1;
    vtmp = strchr(stmp, ':');
    if (vtmp) {
        *vtmp = 0;
        vtmp++;
    }
    rv = EVP_PKEY_CTX_ctrl_str(ctx, stmp, vtmp);
    OPENSSL_free(stmp);
    return rv;
}

static void nodes_print(const char *name, STACK_OF(X509_POLICY_NODE) *nodes)
{
    X509_POLICY_NODE *node;
    int i;

    BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s Policies:", name);
    if (nodes) {
        BIO_puts(bio_err, "\n");
        for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_POLICY_NODE_num(nodes); i++) {
            node = sk_X509_POLICY_NODE_value(nodes, i);
            X509_POLICY_NODE_print(bio_err, node, 2);
        }
    } else {
        BIO_puts(bio_err, " <empty>\n");
    }
}

void policies_print(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
{
    X509_POLICY_TREE *tree;
    int explicit_policy;
    tree = X509_STORE_CTX_get0_policy_tree(ctx);
    explicit_policy = X509_STORE_CTX_get_explicit_policy(ctx);

    BIO_printf(bio_err, "Require explicit Policy: %s\n",
               explicit_policy ? "True" : "False");

    nodes_print("Authority", X509_policy_tree_get0_policies(tree));
    nodes_print("User", X509_policy_tree_get0_user_policies(tree));
}

/*-
 * next_protos_parse parses a comma separated list of strings into a string
 * in a format suitable for passing to SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised.
 *   outlen: (output) set to the length of the resulting buffer on success.
 *   err: (maybe NULL) on failure, an error message line is written to this BIO.
 *   in: a NUL terminated string like "abc,def,ghi"
 *
 *   returns: a malloc'd buffer or NULL on failure.
 */
unsigned char *next_protos_parse(size_t *outlen, const char *in)
{
    size_t len;
    unsigned char *out;
    size_t i, start = 0;

    len = strlen(in);
    if (len >= 65535)
        return NULL;

    out = app_malloc(strlen(in) + 1, "NPN buffer");
    for (i = 0; i <= len; ++i) {
        if (i == len || in[i] == ',') {
            if (i - start > 255) {
                OPENSSL_free(out);
                return NULL;
            }
            out[start] = (unsigned char)(i - start);
            start = i + 1;
        } else {
            out[i + 1] = in[i];
        }
    }

    *outlen = len + 1;
    return out;
}

void print_cert_checks(BIO *bio, X509 *x,
                       const char *checkhost,
                       const char *checkemail, const char *checkip)
{
    if (x == NULL)
        return;
    if (checkhost) {
        BIO_printf(bio, "Hostname %s does%s match certificate\n",
                   checkhost,
                   X509_check_host(x, checkhost, 0, 0, NULL) == 1
                       ? "" : " NOT");
    }

    if (checkemail) {
        BIO_printf(bio, "Email %s does%s match certificate\n",
                   checkemail, X509_check_email(x, checkemail, 0, 0)
                   ? "" : " NOT");
    }

    if (checkip) {
        BIO_printf(bio, "IP %s does%s match certificate\n",
                   checkip, X509_check_ip_asc(x, checkip, 0) ? "" : " NOT");
    }
}

/* Get first http URL from a DIST_POINT structure */

static const char *get_dp_url(DIST_POINT *dp)
{
    GENERAL_NAMES *gens;
    GENERAL_NAME *gen;
    int i, gtype;
    ASN1_STRING *uri;
    if (!dp->distpoint || dp->distpoint->type != 0)
        return NULL;
    gens = dp->distpoint->name.fullname;
    for (i = 0; i < sk_GENERAL_NAME_num(gens); i++) {
        gen = sk_GENERAL_NAME_value(gens, i);
        uri = GENERAL_NAME_get0_value(gen, &gtype);
        if (gtype == GEN_URI && ASN1_STRING_length(uri) > 6) {
            const char *uptr = (const char *)ASN1_STRING_get0_data(uri);
            if (strncmp(uptr, "http://", 7) == 0)
                return uptr;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Look through a CRLDP structure and attempt to find an http URL to
 * downloads a CRL from.
 */

static X509_CRL *load_crl_crldp(STACK_OF(DIST_POINT) *crldp)
{
    int i;
    const char *urlptr = NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < sk_DIST_POINT_num(crldp); i++) {
        DIST_POINT *dp = sk_DIST_POINT_value(crldp, i);
        urlptr = get_dp_url(dp);
        if (urlptr)
            return load_crl(urlptr, FORMAT_HTTP);
    }
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Example of downloading CRLs from CRLDP: not usable for real world as it
 * always downloads, doesn't support non-blocking I/O and doesn't cache
 * anything.
 */

static STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crls_http_cb(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx, X509_NAME *nm)
{
    X509 *x;
    STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crls = NULL;
    X509_CRL *crl;
    STACK_OF(DIST_POINT) *crldp;

    crls = sk_X509_CRL_new_null();
    if (!crls)
        return NULL;
    x = X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx);
    crldp = X509_get_ext_d2i(x, NID_crl_distribution_points, NULL, NULL);
    crl = load_crl_crldp(crldp);
    sk_DIST_POINT_pop_free(crldp, DIST_POINT_free);
    if (!crl) {
        sk_X509_CRL_free(crls);
        return NULL;
    }
    sk_X509_CRL_push(crls, crl);
    /* Try to download delta CRL */
    crldp = X509_get_ext_d2i(x, NID_freshest_crl, NULL, NULL);
    crl = load_crl_crldp(crldp);
    sk_DIST_POINT_pop_free(crldp, DIST_POINT_free);
    if (crl)
        sk_X509_CRL_push(crls, crl);
    return crls;
}

void store_setup_crl_download(X509_STORE *st)
{
    X509_STORE_set_lookup_crls_cb(st, crls_http_cb);
}

/*
 * Platform-specific sections
 */
#if defined(_WIN32)
# ifdef fileno
#  undef fileno
#  define fileno(a) (int)_fileno(a)
# endif

# include <windows.h>
# include <tchar.h>

static int WIN32_rename(const char *from, const char *to)
{
    TCHAR *tfrom = NULL, *tto;
    DWORD err;
    int ret = 0;

    if (sizeof(TCHAR) == 1) {
        tfrom = (TCHAR *)from;
        tto = (TCHAR *)to;
    } else {                    /* UNICODE path */

        size_t i, flen = strlen(from) + 1, tlen = strlen(to) + 1;
        tfrom = malloc(sizeof(*tfrom) * (flen + tlen));
        if (tfrom == NULL)
            goto err;
        tto = tfrom + flen;
# if !defined(_WIN32_WCE) || _WIN32_WCE>=101
        if (!MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, from, flen, (WCHAR *)tfrom, flen))
# endif
            for (i = 0; i < flen; i++)
                tfrom[i] = (TCHAR)from[i];
# if !defined(_WIN32_WCE) || _WIN32_WCE>=101
        if (!MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, to, tlen, (WCHAR *)tto, tlen))
# endif
            for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++)
                tto[i] = (TCHAR)to[i];
    }

    if (MoveFile(tfrom, tto))
        goto ok;
    err = GetLastError();
    if (err == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS || err == ERROR_FILE_EXISTS) {
        if (DeleteFile(tto) && MoveFile(tfrom, tto))
            goto ok;
        err = GetLastError();
    }
    if (err == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND || err == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND)
        errno = ENOENT;
    else if (err == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
        errno = EACCES;
    else
        errno = EINVAL;         /* we could map more codes... */
 err:
    ret = -1;
 ok:
    if (tfrom != NULL && tfrom != (TCHAR *)from)
        free(tfrom);
    return ret;
}
#endif

/* app_tminterval section */
#if defined(_WIN32)
double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
{
    FILETIME now;
    double ret = 0;
    static ULARGE_INTEGER tmstart;
    static int warning = 1;
# ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
    static HANDLE proc = NULL;

    if (proc == NULL) {
        if (check_winnt())
            proc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, FALSE,
                               GetCurrentProcessId());
        if (proc == NULL)
            proc = (HANDLE) - 1;
    }

    if (usertime && proc != (HANDLE) - 1) {
        FILETIME junk;
        GetProcessTimes(proc, &junk, &junk, &junk, &now);
    } else
# endif
    {
        SYSTEMTIME systime;

        if (usertime && warning) {
            BIO_printf(bio_err, "To get meaningful results, run "
                       "this program on idle system.\n");
            warning = 0;
        }
        GetSystemTime(&systime);
        SystemTimeToFileTime(&systime, &now);
    }

    if (stop == TM_START) {
        tmstart.u.LowPart = now.dwLowDateTime;
        tmstart.u.HighPart = now.dwHighDateTime;
    } else {
        ULARGE_INTEGER tmstop;

        tmstop.u.LowPart = now.dwLowDateTime;
        tmstop.u.HighPart = now.dwHighDateTime;

        ret = (__int64)(tmstop.QuadPart - tmstart.QuadPart) * 1e-7;
    }

    return ret;
}
#elif defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VXWORKS)
# include <time.h>

double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
{
    double ret = 0;
# ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
    static struct timespec tmstart;
    struct timespec now;
# else
    static unsigned long tmstart;
    unsigned long now;
# endif
    static int warning = 1;

    if (usertime && warning) {
        BIO_printf(bio_err, "To get meaningful results, run "
                   "this program on idle system.\n");
        warning = 0;
    }
# ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &now);
    if (stop == TM_START)
        tmstart = now;
    else
        ret = ((now.tv_sec + now.tv_nsec * 1e-9)
               - (tmstart.tv_sec + tmstart.tv_nsec * 1e-9));
# else
    now = tickGet();
    if (stop == TM_START)
        tmstart = now;
    else
        ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)sysClkRateGet();
# endif
    return ret;
}

#elif defined(OPENSSL_SYSTEM_VMS)
# include <time.h>
# include <times.h>

double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
{
    static clock_t tmstart;
    double ret = 0;
    clock_t now;
# ifdef __TMS
    struct tms rus;

    now = times(&rus);
    if (usertime)
        now = rus.tms_utime;
# else
    if (usertime)
        now = clock();          /* sum of user and kernel times */
    else {
        struct timeval tv;
        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
        now = (clock_t)((unsigned long long)tv.tv_sec * CLK_TCK +
                        (unsigned long long)tv.tv_usec * (1000000 / CLK_TCK)
            );
    }
# endif
    if (stop == TM_START)
        tmstart = now;
    else
        ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)(CLK_TCK);

    return ret;
}

#elif defined(_SC_CLK_TCK)      /* by means of unistd.h */
# include <sys/times.h>

double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
{
    double ret = 0;
    struct tms rus;
    clock_t now = times(&rus);
    static clock_t tmstart;

    if (usertime)
        now = rus.tms_utime;

    if (stop == TM_START) {
        tmstart = now;
    } else {
        long int tck = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
        ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)tck;
    }

    return ret;
}

#else
# include <sys/time.h>
# include <sys/resource.h>

double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
{
    double ret = 0;
    struct rusage rus;
    struct timeval now;
    static struct timeval tmstart;

    if (usertime)
        getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &rus), now = rus.ru_utime;
    else
        gettimeofday(&now, NULL);

    if (stop == TM_START)
        tmstart = now;
    else
        ret = ((now.tv_sec + now.tv_usec * 1e-6)
               - (tmstart.tv_sec + tmstart.tv_usec * 1e-6));

    return ret;
}
#endif

int app_access(const char* name, int flag)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    return _access(name, flag);
#else
    return access(name, flag);
#endif
}

int app_isdir(const char *name)
{
    return opt_isdir(name);
}

/* raw_read|write section */
#if defined(__VMS)
# include "vms_term_sock.h"
static int stdin_sock = -1;

static void close_stdin_sock(void)
{
    TerminalSocket (TERM_SOCK_DELETE, &stdin_sock);
}

int fileno_stdin(void)
{
    if (stdin_sock == -1) {
        TerminalSocket(TERM_SOCK_CREATE, &stdin_sock);
        atexit(close_stdin_sock);
    }

    return stdin_sock;
}
#else
int fileno_stdin(void)
{
    return fileno(stdin);
}
#endif

int fileno_stdout(void)
{
    return fileno(stdout);
}

#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
{
    DWORD n;
    if (ReadFile(GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE), buf, siz, &n, NULL))
        return n;
    else
        return -1;
}
#elif defined(__VMS)
# include <sys/socket.h>

int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
{
    return recv(fileno_stdin(), buf, siz, 0);
}
#else
int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
{
    return read(fileno_stdin(), buf, siz);
}
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
int raw_write_stdout(const void *buf, int siz)
{
    DWORD n;
    if (WriteFile(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), buf, siz, &n, NULL))
        return n;
    else
        return -1;
}
#else
int raw_write_stdout(const void *buf, int siz)
{
    return write(fileno_stdout(), buf, siz);
}
#endif

/*
 * Centralized handling of input and output files with format specification
 * The format is meant to show what the input and output is supposed to be,
 * and is therefore a show of intent more than anything else.  However, it
 * does impact behavior on some platforms, such as differentiating between
 * text and binary input/output on non-Unix platforms
 */
BIO *dup_bio_in(int format)
{
    return BIO_new_fp(stdin,
                      BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
}

BIO *dup_bio_out(int format)
{
    BIO *b = BIO_new_fp(stdout,
                        BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
    void *prefix = NULL;

#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    if (FMT_istext(format))
        b = BIO_push(BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer()), b);
#endif

    if (FMT_istext(format)
        && (prefix = getenv("HARNESS_OSSL_PREFIX")) != NULL) {
        b = BIO_push(BIO_new(apps_bf_prefix()), b);
        BIO_ctrl(b, PREFIX_CTRL_SET_PREFIX, 0, prefix);
    }

    return b;
}

BIO *dup_bio_err(int format)
{
    BIO *b = BIO_new_fp(stderr,
                        BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    if (FMT_istext(format))
        b = BIO_push(BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer()), b);
#endif
    return b;
}

/*
 * Because the prefix method is created dynamically, we must also be able
 * to destroy it.
 */
void destroy_prefix_method(void)
{
    BIO_METHOD *prefix_method = apps_bf_prefix();
    BIO_meth_free(prefix_method);
    prefix_method = NULL;
}

void unbuffer(FILE *fp)
{
/*
 * On VMS, setbuf() will only take 32-bit pointers, and a compilation
 * with /POINTER_SIZE=64 will give off a MAYLOSEDATA2 warning here.
 * However, we trust that the C RTL will never give us a FILE pointer
 * above the first 4 GB of memory, so we simply turn off the warning
 * temporarily.
 */
#if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS) && defined(__DECC)
# pragma environment save
# pragma message disable maylosedata2
#endif
    setbuf(fp, NULL);
#if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS) && defined(__DECC)
# pragma environment restore
#endif
}

static const char *modestr(char mode, int format)
{
    OPENSSL_assert(mode == 'a' || mode == 'r' || mode == 'w');

    switch (mode) {
    case 'a':
        return FMT_istext(format) ? "a" : "ab";
    case 'r':
        return FMT_istext(format) ? "r" : "rb";
    case 'w':
        return FMT_istext(format) ? "w" : "wb";
    }
    /* The assert above should make sure we never reach this point */
    return NULL;
}

static const char *modeverb(char mode)
{
    switch (mode) {
    case 'a':
        return "appending";
    case 'r':
        return "reading";
    case 'w':
        return "writing";
    }
    return "(doing something)";
}

/*
 * Open a file for writing, owner-read-only.
 */
BIO *bio_open_owner(const char *filename, int format, int private)
{
    FILE *fp = NULL;
    BIO *b = NULL;
    int fd = -1, bflags, mode, textmode;

    if (!private || filename == NULL || strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
        return bio_open_default(filename, 'w', format);

    mode = O_WRONLY;
#ifdef O_CREAT
    mode |= O_CREAT;
#endif
#ifdef O_TRUNC
    mode |= O_TRUNC;
#endif
    textmode = FMT_istext(format);
    if (!textmode) {
#ifdef O_BINARY
        mode |= O_BINARY;
#elif defined(_O_BINARY)
        mode |= _O_BINARY;
#endif
    }

#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
    /* VMS doesn't have O_BINARY, it just doesn't make sense.  But,
     * it still needs to know that we're going binary, or fdopen()
     * will fail with "invalid argument"...  so we tell VMS what the
     * context is.
     */
    if (!textmode)
        fd = open(filename, mode, 0600, "ctx=bin");
    else
#endif
        fd = open(filename, mode, 0600);
    if (fd < 0)
        goto err;
    fp = fdopen(fd, modestr('w', format));
    if (fp == NULL)
        goto err;
    bflags = BIO_CLOSE;
    if (textmode)
        bflags |= BIO_FP_TEXT;
    b = BIO_new_fp(fp, bflags);
    if (b)
        return b;

 err:
    BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Can't open \"%s\" for writing, %s\n",
               opt_getprog(), filename, strerror(errno));
    ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    /* If we have fp, then fdopen took over fd, so don't close both. */
    if (fp)
        fclose(fp);
    else if (fd >= 0)
        close(fd);
    return NULL;
}

static BIO *bio_open_default_(const char *filename, char mode, int format,
                              int quiet)
{
    BIO *ret;

    if (filename == NULL || strcmp(filename, "-") == 0) {
        ret = mode == 'r' ? dup_bio_in(format) : dup_bio_out(format);
        if (quiet) {
            ERR_clear_error();
            return ret;
        }
        if (ret != NULL)
            return ret;
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "Can't open %s, %s\n",
                   mode == 'r' ? "stdin" : "stdout", strerror(errno));
    } else {
        ret = BIO_new_file(filename, modestr(mode, format));
        if (quiet) {
            ERR_clear_error();
            return ret;
        }
        if (ret != NULL)
            return ret;
        BIO_printf(bio_err,
                   "Can't open %s for %s, %s\n",
                   filename, modeverb(mode), strerror(errno));
    }
    ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
    return NULL;
}

BIO *bio_open_default(const char *filename, char mode, int format)
{
    return bio_open_default_(filename, mode, format, 0);
}

BIO *bio_open_default_quiet(const char *filename, char mode, int format)
{
    return bio_open_default_(filename, mode, format, 1);
}

void wait_for_async(SSL *s)
{
    /* On Windows select only works for sockets, so we simply don't wait  */
#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS
    int width = 0;
    fd_set asyncfds;
    OSSL_ASYNC_FD *fds;
    size_t numfds;
    size_t i;

    if (!SSL_get_all_async_fds(s, NULL, &numfds))
        return;
    if (numfds == 0)
        return;
    fds = app_malloc(sizeof(OSSL_ASYNC_FD) * numfds, "allocate async fds");
    if (!SSL_get_all_async_fds(s, fds, &numfds)) {
        OPENSSL_free(fds);
        return;
    }

    FD_ZERO(&asyncfds);
    for (i = 0; i < numfds; i++) {
        if (width <= (int)fds[i])
            width = (int)fds[i] + 1;
        openssl_fdset((int)fds[i], &asyncfds);
    }
    select(width, (void *)&asyncfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    OPENSSL_free(fds);
#endif
}

/* if OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS is defined then so is OPENSSL_SYS_MSDOS */
#if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_MSDOS)
int has_stdin_waiting(void)
{
# if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS)
    HANDLE inhand = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
    DWORD events = 0;
    INPUT_RECORD inputrec;
    DWORD insize = 1;
    BOOL peeked;

    if (inhand == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        return 0;
    }

    peeked = PeekConsoleInput(inhand, &inputrec, insize, &events);
    if (!peeked) {
        /* Probably redirected input? _kbhit() does not work in this case */
        if (!feof(stdin)) {
            return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
# endif
    return _kbhit();
}
#endif

/* Corrupt a signature by modifying final byte */
void corrupt_signature(const ASN1_STRING *signature)
{
        unsigned char *s = signature->data;
        s[signature->length - 1] ^= 0x1;
}

int set_cert_times(X509 *x, const char *startdate, const char *enddate,
                   int days)
{
    if (startdate == NULL || strcmp(startdate, "today") == 0) {
        if (X509_gmtime_adj(X509_getm_notBefore(x), 0) == NULL)
            return 0;
    } else {
        if (!ASN1_TIME_set_string_X509(X509_getm_notBefore(x), startdate))
            return 0;
    }
    if (enddate == NULL) {
        if (X509_time_adj_ex(X509_getm_notAfter(x), days, 0, NULL)
            == NULL)
            return 0;
    } else if (!ASN1_TIME_set_string_X509(X509_getm_notAfter(x), enddate)) {
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

void make_uppercase(char *string)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++)
        string[i] = toupper((unsigned char)string[i]);
}

int opt_printf_stderr(const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    int ret;

    va_start(ap, fmt);
    ret = BIO_vprintf(bio_err, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return ret;
}