harvey/sys/src/9/port/chan.c

/*
 * This file is part of the UCB release of Plan 9. It is subject to the license
 * terms in the LICENSE file found in the top-level directory of this
 * distribution and at http://akaros.cs.berkeley.edu/files/Plan9License. No
 * part of the UCB release of Plan 9, including this file, may be copied,
 * modified, propagated, or distributed except according to the terms contained
 * in the LICENSE file.
 */

#include	"u.h"
#include	"../port/lib.h"
#include	"mem.h"
#include	"dat.h"
#include	"fns.h"
#include	"../port/error.h"

enum
{
	PATHSLOP	= 20,
	PATHMSLOP	= 20,
};

struct
{
	Lock Lock;
	int	fid;
	Chan	*free;
	Chan	*list;
}chanalloc;

typedef struct Elemlist Elemlist;

struct Elemlist
{
	char	*aname;	/* original name */
	char	*name;	/* copy of name, so '/' can be overwritten */
	int	nelems;
	char	**elems;
	int	*off;
	int	mustbedir;
	int	nerror;
	int	prefix;
};

char*
chanpath(Chan *c)
{
	if(c == nil)
		return "<nil chan>";
	if(c->path == nil)
		return "<nil path>";
	if(c->path->s == nil)
		return "<nil path.s>";
	return c->path->s;
}

int
isdotdot(char *p)
{
	return p[0]=='.' && p[1]=='.' && p[2]=='\0';
}

/*
 * Rather than strncpy, which zeros the rest of the buffer, kstrcpy
 * truncates if necessary, always zero terminates, does not zero fill,
 * and puts ... at the end of the string if it's too long.  Usually used to
 * save a string in up->genbuf;
 */
void
kstrcpy(char *s, char *t, int ns)
{
	int nt;

	nt = strlen(t);
	if(nt+1 <= ns){
		memmove(s, t, nt+1);
		return;
	}
	/* too long */
	if(ns < 4){
		/* but very short! */
		strncpy(s, t, ns);
		return;
	}
	/* truncate with ... at character boundary (very rare case) */
	memmove(s, t, ns-4);
	ns -= 4;
	s[ns] = '\0';
	/* look for first byte of UTF-8 sequence by skipping continuation bytes */
	while(ns>0 && (s[--ns]&0xC0)==0x80)
		;
	strcpy(s+ns, "...");
}

int
emptystr(char *s)
{
	if(s == nil)
		return 1;
	if(s[0] == '\0')
		return 1;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Atomically replace *p with copy of s
 */
void
kstrdup(char **p, char *s)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	int n;
	char *t, *prev;

	n = strlen(s)+1;
	/* if it's a user, we can wait for memory; if not, something's very wrong */
	if(up){
		t = smalloc(n);
		setmalloctag(t, getcallerpc());
	}else{
		t = malloc(n);
		if(t == nil)
			panic("kstrdup: no memory");
	}
	memmove(t, s, n);
	prev = *p;
	*p = t;
	free(prev);
}

Chan*
newchan(void)
{
	Chan *c;

	lock(&chanalloc.Lock);
	c = chanalloc.free;
	if(c != 0)
		chanalloc.free = c->next;
	unlock(&chanalloc.Lock);

	if(c == nil){
		c = smalloc(sizeof(Chan));
		lock(&chanalloc.Lock);
		c->fid = ++chanalloc.fid;
		c->link = chanalloc.list;
		chanalloc.list = c;
		unlock(&chanalloc.Lock);
	}

	c->dev = nil;
	c->flag = 0;
	c->r.ref = 1;
	c->devno = 0;
	c->offset = 0;
	c->devoffset = 0;
	c->iounit = 0;
	c->umh = 0;
	c->uri = 0;
	c->dri = 0;
	c->aux = 0;
	c->mchan = 0;
	c->mc = 0;
	c->mux = 0;
	memset(&c->mqid, 0, sizeof(c->mqid));
	c->path = 0;
	c->ismtpt = 0;

	return c;
}

Ref npath;

Path*
newpath(char *s)
{
	int i;
	Path *p;

	p = smalloc(sizeof(Path));
	i = strlen(s);
	p->len = i;
	p->alen = i+PATHSLOP;
	p->s = smalloc(p->alen);
	memmove(p->s, s, i+1);
	p->r.ref = 1;
	incref(&npath);

	/*
	 * Cannot use newpath for arbitrary names because the mtpt
	 * array will not be populated correctly.  The names #/ and / are
	 * allowed, but other names with / in them draw warnings.
	 */
	if(strchr(s, '/') && strcmp(s, "#/") != 0 && strcmp(s, "/") != 0)
		print("newpath: %s from %#p\n", s, getcallerpc());

	p->mlen = 1;
	p->malen = PATHMSLOP;
	p->mtpt = smalloc(p->malen*sizeof p->mtpt[0]);
	return p;
}

static Path*
copypath(Path *p)
{
	int i;
	Path *pp;

	pp = smalloc(sizeof(Path));
	pp->r.ref = 1;
	incref(&npath);
	DBG("copypath %s %#p => %#p\n", p->s, p, pp);

	pp->len = p->len;
	pp->alen = p->alen;
	pp->s = smalloc(p->alen);
	memmove(pp->s, p->s, p->len+1);

	pp->mlen = p->mlen;
	pp->malen = p->malen;
	pp->mtpt = smalloc(p->malen*sizeof pp->mtpt[0]);
	for(i=0; i<pp->mlen; i++){
		pp->mtpt[i] = p->mtpt[i];
		if(pp->mtpt[i])
			incref(&pp->mtpt[i]->r);
	}

	return pp;
}

void
pathclose(Path *p)
{
	int i;

	if(p == nil)
		return;
//XXX
	DBG("pathclose %#p %s ref=%d =>", p, p->s, p->r.ref);
	for(i=0; i<p->mlen; i++)
		DBG(" %#p", p->mtpt[i]);
	DBG("\n");

	if(decref(&p->r))
		return;
	decref(&npath);
	free(p->s);
	for(i=0; i<p->mlen; i++)
		if(p->mtpt[i])
			cclose(p->mtpt[i]);
	free(p->mtpt);
	free(p);
}

/*
 * In place, rewrite name to compress multiple /, eliminate ., and process ..
 * (Really only called to remove a trailing .. that has been added.
 * Otherwise would need to update n->mtpt as well.)
 */
static void
fixdotdotname(Path *p)
{
	char *r;

	if(p->s[0] == '#'){
		r = strchr(p->s, '/');
		if(r == nil)
			return;
		cleanname(r);

		/*
		 * The correct name is #i rather than #i/,
		 * but the correct name of #/ is #/.
		 */
		if(strcmp(r, "/")==0 && p->s[1] != '/')
			*r = '\0';
	}else
		cleanname(p->s);
	p->len = strlen(p->s);
}

static Path*
uniquepath(Path *p)
{
	Path *new;

	if(p->r.ref > 1){
		/* copy on write */
		new = copypath(p);
		pathclose(p);
		p = new;
	}
	return p;
}

static Path*
addelem(Path *p, char *s, Chan *from)
{
	char *t;
	int a, i;
	Chan *c, **tt;

	if(s[0]=='.' && s[1]=='\0')
		return p;

	p = uniquepath(p);

	i = strlen(s);
	if(p->len+1+i+1 > p->alen){
		a = p->len+1+i+1 + PATHSLOP;
		t = smalloc(a);
		memmove(t, p->s, p->len+1);
		free(p->s);
		p->s = t;
		p->alen = a;
	}
	/* don't insert extra slash if one is present */
	if(p->len>0 && p->s[p->len-1]!='/' && s[0]!='/')
		p->s[p->len++] = '/';
	memmove(p->s+p->len, s, i+1);
	p->len += i;
	if(isdotdot(s)){
		fixdotdotname(p);
		DBG("addelem %s .. => rm %#p\n", p->s, p->mtpt[p->mlen-1]);
		if(p->mlen>1 && (c = p->mtpt[--p->mlen])){
			p->mtpt[p->mlen] = nil;
			cclose(c);
		}
	}else{
		if(p->mlen >= p->malen){
			p->malen = p->mlen+1+PATHMSLOP;
			tt = smalloc(p->malen*sizeof tt[0]);
			memmove(tt, p->mtpt, p->mlen*sizeof tt[0]);
			free(p->mtpt);
			p->mtpt = tt;
		}
		DBG("addelem %s %s => add %#p\n", p->s, s, from);
		p->mtpt[p->mlen++] = from;
		if(from)
			incref(&from->r);
	}
	return p;
}

void
chanfree(Chan *c)
{
	c->flag = CFREE;

	if(c->dirrock != nil){
		free(c->dirrock);
		c->dirrock = 0;
		c->nrock = 0;
		c->mrock = 0;
	}
	if(c->umh != nil){
		putmhead(c->umh);
		c->umh = nil;
	}
	if(c->umc != nil){
		cclose(c->umc);
		c->umc = nil;
	}
	if(c->mux != nil){
		muxclose(c->mux);
		c->mux = nil;
	}
	if(c->mchan != nil){
		cclose(c->mchan);
		c->mchan = nil;
	}

	if(c->dev != nil){				//XDYNX
		//devtabdecr(c->dev);
		c->dev = nil;
	}

	pathclose(c->path);
	c->path = nil;

	lock(&chanalloc.Lock);
	c->next = chanalloc.free;
	chanalloc.free = c;
	unlock(&chanalloc.Lock);
}

void
cclose(Chan *c)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	if(c->flag&CFREE)
		panic("cclose %#p", getcallerpc());

	DBG("cclose %#p name=%s ref=%d\n", c, c->path->s, c->r.ref);
	if(decref(&c->r))
		return;

	if(!waserror()){
		if(c->dev != nil)			//XDYNX
			c->dev->close(c);
		poperror();
	}
	chanfree(c);
}

/*
 * Queue a chan to be closed by one of the clunk procs.
 */
struct {
	Chan	*head;
	Chan	*tail;
	int	nqueued;
	int	nclosed;
	Lock	l;
	QLock	q;
	Rendez	r;
} clunkq;

static void closeproc(void*);

void
ccloseq(Chan *c)
{
	if(c->flag&CFREE)
		panic("ccloseq %#p", getcallerpc());

	DBG("ccloseq %#p name=%s ref=%d\n", c, c->path->s, c->r.ref);

	if(decref(&c->r))
		return;

	lock(&clunkq.l);
	clunkq.nqueued++;
	c->next = nil;
	if(clunkq.head)
		clunkq.tail->next = c;
	else
		clunkq.head = c;
	clunkq.tail = c;
	unlock(&clunkq.l);

	if(!wakeup(&clunkq.r))
		kproc("closeproc", closeproc, nil);
}

static int
clunkwork(void* v)
{
	return clunkq.head != nil;
}

static void
closeproc(void* v)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	Chan *c;

	for(;;){
		qlock(&clunkq.q);
		if(clunkq.head == nil){
			if(!waserror()){
				tsleep(&clunkq.r, clunkwork, nil, 5000);
				poperror();
			}
			if(clunkq.head == nil){
				qunlock(&clunkq.q);
				pexit("no work", 1);
			}
		}
		lock(&clunkq.l);
		c = clunkq.head;
		clunkq.head = c->next;
		clunkq.nclosed++;
		unlock(&clunkq.l);
		qunlock(&clunkq.q);
		if(!waserror()){
			if(c->dev != nil)		//XDYNX
				c->dev->close(c);
			poperror();
		}
		chanfree(c);
	}
}

/*
 * Make sure we have the only copy of c.  (Copy on write.)
 */
Chan*
cunique(Chan *c)
{
	Chan *nc;

	if(c->r.ref != 1){
		nc = cclone(c);
		cclose(c);
		c = nc;
	}

	return c;
}

int
eqqid(Qid a, Qid b)
{
	return a.path == b.path && a.vers == b.vers;
}

static int
eqchan(Chan *a, Chan *b, int skipvers)
{
	if(a->qid.path != b->qid.path)
		return 0;
	if(!skipvers && a->qid.vers != b->qid.vers)
		return 0;
	if(a->dev->dc != b->dev->dc)
		return 0;
	if(a->devno != b->devno)
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

int
eqchanddq(Chan *c, int dc, uint devno, Qid qid, int skipvers)
{
	if(c->qid.path != qid.path)
		return 0;
	if(!skipvers && c->qid.vers != qid.vers)
		return 0;
	if(c->dev->dc != dc)
		return 0;
	if(c->devno != devno)
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

Mhead*
newmhead(Chan *from)
{
	Mhead *mh;

	mh = smalloc(sizeof(Mhead));
	mh->r.ref = 1;
	mh->from = from;
	incref(&from->r);
	return mh;
}

int
cmount(Chan **newp, Chan *old, int flag, char *spec)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	int order, flg;
	Chan *new;
	Mhead *mhead, **l, *mh;
	Mount *nm, *f, *um, **h;
	Pgrp *pg;

	if(QTDIR & (old->qid.type^(*newp)->qid.type))
		error(Emount);

	if(old->umh)
		print("cmount: unexpected umh, caller %#p\n", getcallerpc());

	order = flag&MORDER;

	if(!(old->qid.type & QTDIR) && order != MREPL)
		error(Emount);

	new = *newp;
	mh = new->umh;

	/*
	 * Not allowed to bind when the old directory is itself a union.
	 * (Maybe it should be allowed, but I don't see what the semantics
	 * would be.)
	 *
	 * We need to check mh->mount->next to tell unions apart from
	 * simple mount points, so that things like
	 *	mount -c fd /root
	 *	bind -c /root /
	 * work.
	 *
	 * The check of mount->mflag allows things like
	 *	mount fd /root
	 *	bind -c /root /
	 *
	 * This is far more complicated than it should be, but I don't
	 * see an easier way at the moment.
	 */
	if((flag&MCREATE) && mh && mh->mount
	&& (mh->mount->next || !(mh->mount->mflag&MCREATE)))
		error(Emount);

	pg = up->pgrp;
	wlock(&pg->ns);

	l = &MOUNTH(pg, old->qid);
	for(mhead = *l; mhead; mhead = mhead->hash){
		if(eqchan(mhead->from, old, 1))
			break;
		l = &mhead->hash;
	}

	if(mhead == nil){
		/*
		 *  nothing mounted here yet.  create a mount
		 *  head and add to the hash table.
		 */
		mhead = newmhead(old);
		*l = mhead;

		/*
		 *  if this is a union mount, add the old
		 *  node to the mount chain.
		 */
		if(order != MREPL)
			mhead->mount = newmount(mhead, old, 0, 0);
	}
	wlock(&mhead->lock);
	if(waserror()){
		wunlock(&mhead->lock);
		nexterror();
	}
	wunlock(&pg->ns);

	nm = newmount(mhead, new, flag, spec);
	if(mh != nil && mh->mount != nil){
		/*
		 *  copy a union when binding it onto a directory
		 */
		flg = order;
		if(order == MREPL)
			flg = MAFTER;
		h = &nm->next;
		um = mh->mount;
		for(um = um->next; um; um = um->next){
			f = newmount(mhead, um->to, flg, um->spec);
			*h = f;
			h = &f->next;
		}
	}

	if(mhead->mount && order == MREPL){
		mountfree(mhead->mount);
		mhead->mount = 0;
	}

	if(flag & MCREATE)
		nm->mflag |= MCREATE;

	if(mhead->mount && order == MAFTER){
		for(f = mhead->mount; f->next; f = f->next)
			;
		f->next = nm;
	}else{
		for(f = nm; f->next; f = f->next)
			;
		f->next = mhead->mount;
		mhead->mount = nm;
	}

	wunlock(&mhead->lock);
	poperror();
	return nm->mountid;
}

void
cunmount(Chan *mnt, Chan *mounted)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	Pgrp *pg;
	Mhead *mh, **l;
	Mount *f, **p;

	if(mnt->umh)	/* should not happen */
		print("cunmount newp extra umh %#p has %#p\n", mnt, mnt->umh);

	/*
	 * It _can_ happen that mounted->umh is non-nil,
	 * because mounted is the result of namec(Aopen)
	 * (see sysfile.c:/^sysunmount).
	 * If we open a union directory, it will have a umh.
	 * Although surprising, this is okay, since the
	 * cclose will take care of freeing the umh.
	 */

	pg = up->pgrp;
	wlock(&pg->ns);

	l = &MOUNTH(pg, mnt->qid);
	for(mh = *l; mh; mh = mh->hash){
		if(eqchan(mh->from, mnt, 1))
			break;
		l = &mh->hash;
	}

	if(mh == 0){
		wunlock(&pg->ns);
		error(Eunmount);
	}

	wlock(&mh->lock);
	if(mounted == 0){
		*l = mh->hash;
		wunlock(&pg->ns);
		mountfree(mh->mount);
		mh->mount = nil;
		cclose(mh->from);
		wunlock(&mh->lock);
		putmhead(mh);
		return;
	}

	p = &mh->mount;
	for(f = *p; f; f = f->next){
		/* BUG: Needs to be 2 pass */
		if(eqchan(f->to, mounted, 1) ||
		  (f->to->mchan && eqchan(f->to->mchan, mounted, 1))){
			*p = f->next;
			f->next = 0;
			mountfree(f);
			if(mh->mount == nil){
				*l = mh->hash;
				cclose(mh->from);
				wunlock(&mh->lock);
				wunlock(&pg->ns);
				putmhead(mh);
				return;
			}
			wunlock(&mh->lock);
			wunlock(&pg->ns);
			return;
		}
		p = &f->next;
	}
	wunlock(&mh->lock);
	wunlock(&pg->ns);
	error(Eunion);
}

Chan*
cclone(Chan *c)
{
	Chan *nc;
	Walkqid *wq;

	wq = c->dev->walk(c, nil, nil, 0);		//XDYNX?
	if(wq == nil)
		error("clone failed");
	nc = wq->clone;
	free(wq);
	nc->path = c->path;
	if(c->path)
		incref(&c->path->r);
	return nc;
}

/* also used by sysfile.c:/^mountfix */
int
findmount(Chan **cp, Mhead **mp, int dc, uint devno, Qid qid)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	Pgrp *pg;
	Mhead *mh;

	pg = up->pgrp;
	rlock(&pg->ns);
	for(mh = MOUNTH(pg, qid); mh; mh = mh->hash){
		rlock(&mh->lock);
		if(mh->from == nil){
			print("mh %#p: mh->from nil\n", mh);
			runlock(&mh->lock);
			continue;
		}
		if(eqchanddq(mh->from, dc, devno, qid, 1)){
			runlock(&pg->ns);
			if(mp != nil){
				incref(&mh->r);
				if(*mp != nil)
					putmhead(*mp);
				*mp = mh;
			}
			if(*cp != nil)
				cclose(*cp);
			incref(&mh->mount->to->r);
			*cp = mh->mount->to;
			runlock(&mh->lock);
			return 1;
		}
		runlock(&mh->lock);
	}

	runlock(&pg->ns);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Calls findmount but also updates path.
 */
static int
domount(Chan **cp, Mhead **mp, Path **path)
{
	Chan **lc;
	Path *p;

	if(findmount(cp, mp, (*cp)->dev->dc, (*cp)->devno, (*cp)->qid) == 0)
		return 0;

	if(path){
		p = *path;
		p = uniquepath(p);
		if(p->mlen <= 0)
			print("domount: path %s has mlen==%d\n", p->s, p->mlen);
		else{
			lc = &p->mtpt[p->mlen-1];
			DBG("domount %#p %s => add %#p (was %#p)\n",
				p, p->s, (*mp)->from, p->mtpt[p->mlen-1]);
			incref(&(*mp)->from->r);
			if(*lc)
				cclose(*lc);
			*lc = (*mp)->from;
		}
		*path = p;
	}
	return 1;
}

/*
 * If c is the right-hand-side of a mount point, returns the left hand side.
 * Changes name to reflect the fact that we've uncrossed the mountpoint,
 * so name had better be ours to change!
 */
static Chan*
undomount(Chan *c, Path *path)
{
	Chan *nc;

	if(path->r.ref != 1 || path->mlen == 0)
		print("undomount: path %s ref %d mlen %d caller %#p\n",
			path->s, path->r.ref, path->mlen, getcallerpc());

	if(path->mlen>0 && (nc=path->mtpt[path->mlen-1]) != nil){
		DBG("undomount %#p %s => remove %p\n", path, path->s, nc);
		cclose(c);
		path->mtpt[path->mlen-1] = nil;
		c = nc;
	}
	return c;
}

/*
 * Call dev walk but catch errors.
 */
static Walkqid*
ewalk(Chan *c, Chan *nc, char **name, int nname)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	Walkqid *wq;

	if(waserror())
		return nil;
	wq = c->dev->walk(c, nc, name, nname);
	poperror();
	return wq;
}

/*
 * Either walks all the way or not at all.  No partial results in *cp.
 * *nerror is the number of names to display in an error message.
 */
static char Edoesnotexist[] = "does not exist";
int
walk(Chan **cp, char **names, int nnames, int nomount, int *nerror)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	int dc, devno, didmount, dotdot, i, n, nhave, ntry;
	Chan *c, *nc, *mtpt;
	Path *path;
	Mhead *mh, *nmh;
	Mount *f;
	Walkqid *wq;

	c = *cp;
	incref(&c->r);
	path = c->path;
	incref(&path->r);
	mh = nil;

	/*
	 * While we haven't gotten all the way down the path:
	 *    1. step through a mount point, if any
	 *    2. send a walk request for initial dotdot or initial prefix without dotdot
	 *    3. move to the first mountpoint along the way.
	 *    4. repeat.
	 *
	 * Each time through the loop:
	 *
	 *	If didmount==0, c is on the undomount side of the mount point.
	 *	If didmount==1, c is on the domount side of the mount point.
	 * 	Either way, c's full path is path.
	 */
	didmount = 0;
	for(nhave=0; nhave<nnames; nhave+=n){
		if(!(c->qid.type & QTDIR)){
			if(nerror)
				*nerror = nhave;
			pathclose(path);
			cclose(c);
			strcpy(up->errstr, Enotdir);
			if(mh != nil)
				putmhead(mh);
			return -1;
		}
		ntry = nnames - nhave;
		if(ntry > MAXWELEM)
			ntry = MAXWELEM;
		dotdot = 0;
		for(i=0; i<ntry; i++){
			if(isdotdot(names[nhave+i])){
				if(i==0){
					dotdot = 1;
					ntry = 1;
				}else
					ntry = i;
				break;
			}
		}

		if(!dotdot && !nomount && !didmount)
			domount(&c, &mh, &path);

		dc = c->dev->dc;
		devno = c->devno;

		if((wq = ewalk(c, nil, names+nhave, ntry)) == nil){
			/* try a union mount, if any */
			if(mh && !nomount){
				/*
				 * mh->mount->to == c, so start at mh->mount->next
				 */
				rlock(&mh->lock);
				if(mh->mount){
					for(f = mh->mount->next; f != nil; f = f->next){
						if((wq = ewalk(f->to, nil, names+nhave, ntry)) != nil){
							dc = f->to->dev->dc;
							devno = f->to->devno;
							break;
						}
					}
				}
				runlock(&mh->lock);
			}
			if(wq == nil){
				cclose(c);
				pathclose(path);
				if(nerror)
					*nerror = nhave+1;
				if(mh != nil)
					putmhead(mh);
				return -1;
			}
		}

		nmh = nil;
		didmount = 0;
		if(dotdot){
			assert(wq->nqid == 1);
			assert(wq->clone != nil);

			path = addelem(path, "..", nil);
			nc = undomount(wq->clone, path);
			n = 1;
		}else{
			nc = nil;
			if(!nomount){
				for(i=0; i<wq->nqid && i<ntry-1; i++){
					if(findmount(&nc, &nmh, dc, devno, wq->qid[i])){
						didmount = 1;
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			if(nc == nil){	/* no mount points along path */
				if(wq->clone == nil){
					cclose(c);
					pathclose(path);
					if(wq->nqid==0 || (wq->qid[wq->nqid-1].type & QTDIR)){
						if(nerror)
							*nerror = nhave+wq->nqid+1;
						strcpy(up->errstr, Edoesnotexist);
					}else{
						if(nerror)
							*nerror = nhave+wq->nqid;
						strcpy(up->errstr, Enotdir);
					}
					free(wq);
					if(mh != nil)
						putmhead(mh);
					return -1;
				}
				n = wq->nqid;
				nc = wq->clone;
			}else{		/* stopped early, at a mount point */
				didmount = 1;
				if(wq->clone != nil){
					cclose(wq->clone);
					wq->clone = nil;
				}
				n = i+1;
			}
			for(i=0; i<n; i++){
				mtpt = nil;
				if(i==n-1 && nmh)
					mtpt = nmh->from;
				path = addelem(path, names[nhave+i], mtpt);
			}
		}
		cclose(c);
		c = nc;
		putmhead(mh);
		mh = nmh;
		free(wq);
	}

	putmhead(mh);

	c = cunique(c);

	if(c->umh != nil){	//BUG
		print("walk umh\n");
		putmhead(c->umh);
		c->umh = nil;
	}

	pathclose(c->path);
	c->path = path;

	cclose(*cp);
	*cp = c;
	if(nerror)
		*nerror = nhave;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * c is a mounted non-creatable directory.  find a creatable one.
 */
Chan*
createdir(Chan *c, Mhead *mh)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	Chan *nc;
	Mount *f;

	rlock(&mh->lock);
	if(waserror()){
		runlock(&mh->lock);
		nexterror();
	}
	for(f = mh->mount; f; f = f->next){
		if(f->mflag&MCREATE){
			nc = cclone(f->to);
			runlock(&mh->lock);
			poperror();
			cclose(c);
			return nc;
		}
	}
	error(Enocreate);
	return 0;
}

static void
saveregisters(void)
{
}

static void
growparse(Elemlist *e)
{
	char **new;
	int *inew;
	enum { Delta = 8 };

	if(e->nelems % Delta == 0){
		new = smalloc((e->nelems+Delta) * sizeof(char*));
		memmove(new, e->elems, e->nelems*sizeof(char*));
		free(e->elems);
		e->elems = new;
		inew = smalloc((e->nelems+Delta+1) * sizeof(int));
		memmove(inew, e->off, (e->nelems+1)*sizeof(int));
		free(e->off);
		e->off = inew;
	}
}

/*
 * The name is known to be valid.
 * Copy the name so slashes can be overwritten.
 * An empty string will set nelem=0.
 * A path ending in / or /. or /.//./ etc. will have
 * e.mustbedir = 1, so that we correctly
 * reject, e.g., "/adm/users/." when /adm/users is a file
 * rather than a directory.
 */
static void
parsename(char *aname, Elemlist *e)
{
	char *name, *slash;

	kstrdup(&e->name, aname);
	name = e->name;
	e->nelems = 0;
	e->elems = nil;
	e->off = smalloc(sizeof(int));
	e->off[0] = skipslash(name) - name;
	for(;;){
		name = skipslash(name);
		if(*name == '\0'){
			e->off[e->nelems] = name+strlen(name) - e->name;
			e->mustbedir = 1;
			break;
		}
		growparse(e);
		e->elems[e->nelems++] = name;
		slash = utfrune(name, '/');
		if(slash == nil){
			e->off[e->nelems] = name+strlen(name) - e->name;
			e->mustbedir = 0;
			break;
		}
		e->off[e->nelems] = slash - e->name;
		*slash++ = '\0';
		name = slash;
	}

	if(DBGFLG > 1){
		int i;

		DBG("parsename %s:", e->name);
		for(i=0; i<=e->nelems; i++)
			DBG(" %d", e->off[i]);
		DBG("\n");
	}
}

static void*
memrchr(void *va, int c, int32_t n)
{
	uint8_t *a, *e;

	a = va;
	for(e=a+n-1; e>a; e--)
		if(*e == c)
			return e;
	return nil;
}

static void
namelenerror(char *aname, int len, char *err)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	char *ename, *name, *next;
	int i, errlen;

	/*
	 * If the name is short enough, just use the whole thing.
	 */
	errlen = strlen(err);
	if(len < ERRMAX/3 || len+errlen < 2*ERRMAX/3)
		snprint(up->genbuf, sizeof up->genbuf, "%.*s",
			utfnlen(aname, len), aname);
	else{
		/*
		 * Print a suffix of the name, but try to get a little info.
		 */
		ename = aname+len;
		next = ename;
		do{
			name = next;
			next = memrchr(aname, '/', name-aname);
			if(next == nil)
				next = aname;
			len = ename-next;
		}while(len < ERRMAX/3 || len + errlen < 2*ERRMAX/3);

		/*
		 * If the name is ridiculously long, chop it.
		 */
		if(name == ename){
			name = ename-ERRMAX/4;
			if(name <= aname)
				panic("bad math in namelenerror");
			/* walk out of current UTF sequence */
			for(i=0; (*name&0xC0)==0x80 && i<UTFmax; i++)
				name++;
		}
		snprint(up->genbuf, sizeof up->genbuf, "...%.*s",
			utfnlen(name, ename-name), name);
	}
	snprint(up->errstr, ERRMAX, "%#q %s", up->genbuf, err);
	nexterror();
}

void
nameerror(char *name, char *err)
{
	namelenerror(name, strlen(name), err);
}

/*
 * Turn a name into a channel.
 * &name[0] is known to be a valid address.  It may be a kernel address.
 *
 * Opening with amode Aopen, Acreate, Aremove, or Aaccess guarantees
 * that the result will be the only reference to that particular fid.
 * This is necessary since we might pass the result to
 * devtab[]->remove().
 *
 * Opening Atodir or Amount does not guarantee this.
 *
 * Under certain circumstances, opening Aaccess will cause
 * an unnecessary clone in order to get a cunique Chan so it
 * can attach the correct name.  Sysstat and sys_stat need the
 * correct name so they can rewrite the stat info.
 */
Chan*
namec(char *aname, int amode, int omode, int perm)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	int len, n, nomount;
	Chan *c, *cnew;
	Path *path;
	Elemlist e;
	Rune r;
	Mhead *mh;
	char *createerr, tmperrbuf[ERRMAX];
	char *name;
	Dev *dev;

	if(aname[0] == '\0')
		error("empty file name");
	aname = validnamedup(aname, 1);
	if(waserror()){
		free(aname);
		nexterror();
	}
	DBG("namec %s %d %d\n", aname, amode, omode);
	name = aname;

	/*
	 * Find the starting off point (the current slash, the root of
	 * a device tree, or the current dot) as well as the name to
	 * evaluate starting there.
	 */
	nomount = 0;
	switch(name[0]){
	case '/':
		c = up->slash;
		incref(&c->r);
		break;

	case '#':
		nomount = 1;
		up->genbuf[0] = '\0';
		n = 0;
		while(*name != '\0' && (*name != '/' || n < 2)){
			if(n >= sizeof(up->genbuf)-1)
				error(Efilename);
			up->genbuf[n++] = *name++;
		}
		up->genbuf[n] = '\0';
		/*
		 *  noattach is sandboxing.
		 *
		 *  the OK exceptions are:
		 *	|  it only gives access to pipes you create
		 *	d  this process's file descriptors
		 *	e  this process's environment
		 *  the iffy exceptions are:
		 *	c  time and pid, but also cons and consctl
		 *	p  control of your own processes (and unfortunately
		 *	   any others left unprotected)
		 */
		n = chartorune(&r, up->genbuf+1)+1;
		/* actually / is caught by parsing earlier */
		if(checkdc(r))
			error(Enoattach);
		if(up->pgrp->noattach && utfrune("|decp", r)==nil)
			error(Enoattach);
		dev = devtabget(r, 1);			//XDYNX
		if(dev == nil)
			error(Ebadsharp);
		//if(waserror()){
		//	devtabdecr(dev);
		//	nexterror();
		//}
		c = dev->attach(up->genbuf+n);
		//poperror();
		//devtabdecr(dev);
		break;

	default:
		c = up->dot;
		incref(&c->r);
		break;
	}

	e.aname = aname;
	e.prefix = name - aname;
	e.name = nil;
	e.elems = nil;
	e.off = nil;
	e.nelems = 0;
	e.nerror = 0;
	if(waserror()){
		cclose(c);
		free(e.name);
		free(e.elems);
		/*
		 * Prepare nice error, showing first e.nerror elements of name.
		 */
		if(e.nerror == 0)
			nexterror();
		strcpy(tmperrbuf, up->errstr);
		if(e.off[e.nerror]==0)
			print("nerror=%d but off=%d\n",
				e.nerror, e.off[e.nerror]);
		if(DBGFLG > 0){
			DBG("showing %d+%d/%d (of %d) of %s (%d %d)\n",
				e.prefix, e.off[e.nerror], e.nerror,
				e.nelems, aname, e.off[0], e.off[1]);
		}
		len = e.prefix+e.off[e.nerror];
		free(e.off);
		namelenerror(aname, len, tmperrbuf);
	}

	/*
	 * Build a list of elements in the name.
	 */
	parsename(name, &e);

	/*
	 * On create, ....
	 */
	if(amode == Acreate){
		/* perm must have DMDIR if last element is / or /. */
		if(e.mustbedir && !(perm&DMDIR)){
			e.nerror = e.nelems;
			error("create without DMDIR");
		}

		/* don't try to walk the last path element just yet. */
		if(e.nelems == 0)
			error(Eexist);
		e.nelems--;
	}

	if(walk(&c, e.elems, e.nelems, nomount, &e.nerror) < 0){
		if(e.nerror < 0 || e.nerror > e.nelems){
			print("namec %s walk error nerror=%d\n", aname, e.nerror);
			e.nerror = 0;
		}
		nexterror();
	}

	if(e.mustbedir && !(c->qid.type & QTDIR))
		error("not a directory");

	if(amode == Aopen && (omode&3) == OEXEC && (c->qid.type & QTDIR))
		error("cannot exec directory");

	switch(amode){
	case Abind:
		/* no need to maintain path - cannot dotdot an Abind */
		mh = nil;
		if(!nomount)
			domount(&c, &mh, nil);
		if(c->umh != nil)
			putmhead(c->umh);
		c->umh = mh;
		break;

	case Aaccess:
	case Aremove:
	case Aopen:
	Open:
		/* save&update the name; domount might change c */
		path = c->path;
		incref(&path->r);
		mh = nil;
		if(!nomount)
			domount(&c, &mh, &path);

		/* our own copy to open or remove */
		c = cunique(c);

		/* now it's our copy anyway, we can put the name back */
		pathclose(c->path);
		c->path = path;

		/* record whether c is on a mount point */
		c->ismtpt = mh!=nil;

		switch(amode){
		case Aaccess:
		case Aremove:
			putmhead(mh);
			break;

		case Aopen:
		case Acreate:
if(c->umh != nil){
	print("cunique umh Open\n");
	putmhead(c->umh);
	c->umh = nil;
}
			/* only save the mount head if it's a multiple element union */
			if(mh && mh->mount && mh->mount->next)
				c->umh = mh;
			else
				putmhead(mh);

			/* save registers else error() in open has wrong value of c saved */
			saveregisters();

			if(omode == OEXEC)
				c->flag &= ~CCACHE;


//open:							//XDYNX
// get dev
// open
// if no error and read/write
// then fill in c->dev and
// don't put
			c = c->dev->open(c, omode&~OCEXEC);

			if(omode & OCEXEC)
				c->flag |= CCEXEC;
			if(omode & ORCLOSE)
				c->flag |= CRCLOSE;
			break;
		}
		break;

	case Atodir:
		/*
		 * Directories (e.g. for cd) are left before the mount point,
		 * so one may mount on / or . and see the effect.
		 */
		if(!(c->qid.type & QTDIR))
			error(Enotdir);
		break;

	case Amount:
		/*
		 * When mounting on an already mounted upon directory,
		 * one wants subsequent mounts to be attached to the
		 * original directory, not the replacement.  Don't domount.
		 */
		break;

	case Acreate:
		/*
		 * We've already walked all but the last element.
		 * If the last exists, try to open it OTRUNC.
		 * If omode&OEXCL is set, just give up.
		 */
		e.nelems++;
		e.nerror++;
		if(walk(&c, e.elems+e.nelems-1, 1, nomount, nil) == 0){
			if(omode&OEXCL)
				error(Eexist);
			omode |= OTRUNC;
			goto Open;
		}

		/*
		 * The semantics of the create(2) system call are that if the
		 * file exists and can be written, it is to be opened with truncation.
		 * On the other hand, the create(5) message fails if the file exists.
		 * If we get two create(2) calls happening simultaneously,
		 * they might both get here and send create(5) messages, but only
		 * one of the messages will succeed.  To provide the expected create(2)
		 * semantics, the call with the failed message needs to try the above
		 * walk again, opening for truncation.  This correctly solves the
		 * create/create race, in the sense that any observable outcome can
		 * be explained as one happening before the other.
		 * The create/create race is quite common.  For example, it happens
		 * when two rc subshells simultaneously update the same
		 * environment variable.
		 *
		 * The implementation still admits a create/create/remove race:
		 * (A) walk to file, fails
		 * (B) walk to file, fails
		 * (A) create file, succeeds, returns
		 * (B) create file, fails
		 * (A) remove file, succeeds, returns
		 * (B) walk to file, return failure.
		 *
		 * This is hardly as common as the create/create race, and is really
		 * not too much worse than what might happen if (B) got a hold of a
		 * file descriptor and then the file was removed -- either way (B) can't do
		 * anything with the result of the create call.  So we don't care about this race.
		 *
		 * Applications that care about more fine-grained decision of the races
		 * can use the OEXCL flag to get at the underlying create(5) semantics;
		 * by default we provide the common case.
		 *
		 * We need to stay behind the mount point in case we
		 * need to do the first walk again (should the create fail).
		 *
		 * We also need to cross the mount point and find the directory
		 * in the union in which we should be creating.
		 *
		 * The channel staying behind is c, the one moving forward is cnew.
		 */
		mh = nil;
		cnew = nil;		/* is this assignment necessary? */
		if(!waserror()){	/* try create */
			if(!nomount && findmount(&cnew, &mh, c->dev->dc, c->devno, c->qid))
				cnew = createdir(cnew, mh);
			else{
				cnew = c;
				incref(&cnew->r);
			}

			/*
			 * We need our own copy of the Chan because we're
			 * about to send a create, which will move it.  Once we have
			 * our own copy, we can fix the name, which might be wrong
			 * if findmount gave us a new Chan.
			 */
			cnew = cunique(cnew);
			pathclose(cnew->path);
			cnew->path = c->path;
			incref(&cnew->path->r);

//create:						//XDYNX
// like open regarding read/write?

			cnew->dev->create(cnew, e.elems[e.nelems-1], omode&~(OEXCL|OCEXEC), perm);
			poperror();
			if(omode & OCEXEC)
				cnew->flag |= CCEXEC;
			if(omode & ORCLOSE)
				cnew->flag |= CRCLOSE;
			if(mh)
				putmhead(mh);
			cclose(c);
			c = cnew;
			c->path = addelem(c->path, e.elems[e.nelems-1], nil);
			break;
		}
		/* create failed */
		cclose(cnew);
		if(mh)
			putmhead(mh);
		if(omode & OEXCL)
			nexterror();
		/* save error */
		createerr = up->errstr;
		up->errstr = tmperrbuf;
		/* note: we depend that walk does not error */
		if(walk(&c, e.elems+e.nelems-1, 1, nomount, nil) < 0){
			up->errstr = createerr;
			error(createerr);	/* report true error */
		}
		up->errstr = createerr;
		omode |= OTRUNC;
		goto Open;

	default:
		panic("unknown namec access %d", amode);
	}

	/* place final element in genbuf for e.g. exec */
	if(e.nelems > 0)
		kstrcpy(up->genbuf, e.elems[e.nelems-1], sizeof up->genbuf);
	else
		kstrcpy(up->genbuf, ".", sizeof up->genbuf);
	free(e.name);
	free(e.elems);
	free(e.off);
	poperror();	/* e c */
	free(aname);
	poperror();	/* aname */

	return c;
}

/*
 * name is valid. skip leading / and ./ as much as possible
 */
char*
skipslash(char *name)
{
	while(name[0]=='/' || (name[0]=='.' && (name[1]==0 || name[1]=='/')))
		name++;
	return name;
}

char isfrog[256]={
	/*NUL*/	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
	/*BKS*/	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
	/*DLE*/	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
	/*CAN*/	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
	['/']	= 1,
	[0x7f]	= 1,
};

/*
 * Check that the name
 *  a) is in valid memory.
 *  b) is shorter than 2^16 bytes, so it can fit in a 9P string field.
 *  c) contains no frogs.
 * The first byte is known to be addressable by the requester, so the
 * routine works for kernel and user memory both.
 * The parameter slashok flags whether a slash character is an error
 * or a valid character.
 *
 * The parameter dup flags whether the string should be copied
 * out of user space before being scanned the second time.
 * (Otherwise a malicious thread could remove the NUL, causing us
 * to access unchecked addresses.)
 */
static char*
validname0(char *aname, int slashok, int dup, uintptr_t pc)
{
	Proc *up = externup();
	char *ename, *name, *s;
	int c, n;
	Rune r;

	name = aname;
	if((PTR2UINT(name) & KZERO) != KZERO){		/* hmmmm */
		if(!dup)
			print("warning: validname* called from %#p with user pointer", pc);
		ename = vmemchr(name, 0, (1<<16));
	}else
		ename = memchr(name, 0, (1<<16));

	if(ename==nil || ename-name>=(1<<16))
		error("name too long");

	s = nil;
	if(dup){
		n = ename-name;
		s = smalloc(n+1);
		memmove(s, name, n);
		s[n] = 0;
		aname = s;
		name = s;
		setmalloctag(s, pc);
	}

	while(*name){
		/* all characters above '~' are ok */
		c = *(uint8_t*)name;
		if(c >= Runeself)
			name += chartorune(&r, name);
		else{
			if(isfrog[c])
				if(!slashok || c!='/'){
					snprint(up->genbuf, sizeof(up->genbuf), "%s: %q", Ebadchar, aname);
					free(s);
					error(up->genbuf);
			}
			name++;
		}
	}
	return s;
}

void
validname(char *aname, int slashok)
{
	validname0(aname, slashok, 0, getcallerpc());
}

char*
validnamedup(char *aname, int slashok)
{
	return validname0(aname, slashok, 1, getcallerpc());
}

void
isdir(Chan *c)
{
	if(c->qid.type & QTDIR)
		return;
	error(Enotdir);
}

/*
 * This is necessary because there are many
 * pointers to the top of a given mount list:
 *
 *	- the mhead in the namespace hash table
 *	- the mhead in chans returned from findmount:
 *	  used in namec and then by unionread.
 *	- the mhead in chans returned from createdir:
 *	  used in the open/create race protect, which is gone.
 *
 * The RWlock in the Mhead protects the mount list it contains.
 * The mount list is deleted when we cunmount.
 * The RWlock ensures that nothing is using the mount list at that time.
 *
 * It is okay to replace c->mh with whatever you want as
 * long as you are sure you have a unique reference to it.
 *
 * This comment might belong somewhere else.
 */
void
putmhead(Mhead *mh)
{
	if(mh && decref(&mh->r) == 0){
		mh->mount = (Mount*)0xCafeBeef;
		free(mh);
	}
}