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  1. .TH ED 1
  2. .SH NAME
  3. ed \- text editor
  4. .SH SYNOPSIS
  5. .B ed
  6. [
  7. .B -
  8. ]
  9. [
  10. .B -o
  11. ]
  12. [
  13. .I file
  14. ]
  15. .SH DESCRIPTION
  16. .I Ed
  17. is a venerable text editor.
  18. .PP
  19. If a
  20. .I file
  21. argument is given,
  22. .I ed
  23. simulates an
  24. .L e
  25. command (see below) on that file:
  26. it is read into
  27. .I ed's
  28. buffer so that it can be edited.
  29. The options are
  30. .TP
  31. .B -
  32. Suppress the printing
  33. of character counts by
  34. .LR e ,
  35. .LR r ,
  36. and
  37. .L w
  38. commands and of the confirming
  39. .L !
  40. by
  41. .L !
  42. commands.
  43. .TP
  44. .B -o
  45. (for output piping)
  46. Write all output to the standard error file except writing by
  47. .L w
  48. commands.
  49. If no
  50. .I file
  51. is given, make
  52. .B /fd/1
  53. the remembered file; see the
  54. .L e
  55. command below.
  56. .PP
  57. .I Ed
  58. operates on a `buffer', a copy of the file it is editing;
  59. changes made
  60. in the buffer have no effect on the file until a
  61. .L w
  62. (write)
  63. command is given.
  64. The copy of the text being edited resides
  65. in a temporary file called the
  66. .IR buffer .
  67. .PP
  68. Commands to
  69. .I ed
  70. have a simple and regular structure: zero, one, or
  71. two
  72. .I addresses
  73. followed by a single character
  74. .IR command ,
  75. possibly
  76. followed by parameters to the command.
  77. These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
  78. Missing addresses are supplied by default.
  79. .PP
  80. In general, only one command may appear on a line.
  81. Certain commands allow the
  82. addition of text to the buffer.
  83. While
  84. .I ed
  85. is accepting text, it is said
  86. to be in
  87. .I "input mode."
  88. In this mode, no commands are recognized;
  89. all input is merely collected.
  90. Input mode is left by typing a period
  91. .L .
  92. alone at the
  93. beginning of a line.
  94. .PP
  95. .I Ed
  96. supports the
  97. .I "regular expression"
  98. notation described in
  99. .IR regexp (6).
  100. Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
  101. lines and in one command
  102. (see
  103. .I s
  104. below)
  105. to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
  106. If it is desired to use one of
  107. the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
  108. character, that character may be preceded by
  109. .RB ` \e '.
  110. This also applies to the character bounding the regular
  111. expression (often
  112. .LR / )
  113. and to
  114. .L \e
  115. itself.
  116. .PP
  117. To understand addressing in
  118. .I ed
  119. it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
  120. .I "current line."
  121. Generally, the current line is
  122. the last line affected by a command; however,
  123. the exact effect on the current line
  124. is discussed under the description of
  125. each command.
  126. Addresses are constructed as follows.
  127. .TP
  128. 1.
  129. The character
  130. .LR . ,
  131. customarily called `dot',
  132. addresses the current line.
  133. .TP
  134. 2.
  135. The character
  136. .L $
  137. addresses the last line of the buffer.
  138. .TP
  139. 3.
  140. A decimal number
  141. .I n
  142. addresses the
  143. .IR n -th
  144. line of the buffer.
  145. .TP
  146. 4.
  147. .BI \'x
  148. addresses the line marked with the name
  149. .IR x ,
  150. which must be a lower-case letter.
  151. Lines are marked with the
  152. .L k
  153. command.
  154. .TP
  155. 5.
  156. A regular expression enclosed in slashes (
  157. .LR / )
  158. addresses
  159. the line found by searching forward from the current line
  160. and stopping at the first line containing a
  161. string that matches the regular expression.
  162. If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
  163. buffer.
  164. .TP
  165. 6.
  166. A regular expression enclosed in queries
  167. .L ?
  168. addresses
  169. the line found by searching backward from the current line
  170. and stopping at the first line containing
  171. a string that matches the regular expression.
  172. If necessary
  173. the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
  174. .TP
  175. 7.
  176. An address followed by a plus sign
  177. .L +
  178. or a minus sign
  179. .L -
  180. followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
  181. (resp. minus) the indicated number of lines.
  182. The plus sign may be omitted.
  183. .TP
  184. 8.
  185. An address followed by
  186. .L +
  187. (or
  188. .LR - )
  189. followed by a
  190. regular expression enclosed in slashes specifies the first
  191. matching line following (or preceding) that address.
  192. The search wraps around if necessary.
  193. The
  194. .L +
  195. may be omitted, so
  196. .L 0/x/
  197. addresses the
  198. .I first
  199. line in the buffer with an
  200. .LR x .
  201. Enclosing the regular expression in
  202. .L ?
  203. reverses the search direction.
  204. .TP
  205. 9.
  206. If an address begins with
  207. .L +
  208. or
  209. .L -
  210. the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
  211. e.g.\&
  212. .L -5
  213. is understood to mean
  214. .LR .-5 .
  215. .TP
  216. 10.
  217. If an address ends with
  218. .L +
  219. or
  220. .LR - ,
  221. then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
  222. As a consequence of this rule and rule 9,
  223. the address
  224. .L -
  225. refers to the line before the current line.
  226. Moreover,
  227. trailing
  228. .L +
  229. and
  230. .L -
  231. characters
  232. have cumulative effect, so
  233. .L --
  234. refers to the current
  235. line less 2.
  236. .TP
  237. 11.
  238. To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
  239. the character
  240. .L ^
  241. in addresses is
  242. equivalent to
  243. .LR - .
  244. .PP
  245. Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
  246. Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
  247. of an address as an error.
  248. Commands which accept one or two addresses
  249. assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
  250. If more addresses are given than a command requires,
  251. the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.
  252. .PP
  253. Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
  254. .LR , .
  255. They may also be separated by a semicolon
  256. .LR ; .
  257. In this case the current line
  258. is set to
  259. the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
  260. If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line 1 is assumed;
  261. if no address follows, the last line of the buffer is assumed.
  262. The second address of any two-address sequence
  263. must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
  264. .PP
  265. In the following list of
  266. .I ed
  267. commands, the default addresses
  268. are shown in parentheses.
  269. The parentheses are not part of
  270. the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
  271. the default.
  272. `Dot' means the current line.
  273. .TP
  274. .RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|a
  275. .br
  276. .ns
  277. .TP
  278. <text>
  279. .br
  280. .ns
  281. .TP
  282. .B .
  283. Read the given text
  284. and append it after the addressed line.
  285. Dot is left
  286. on the last line input, if there
  287. were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
  288. Address
  289. .L 0
  290. is legal for this command; text is placed
  291. at the beginning of the buffer.
  292. .TP
  293. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|b [ +- ][\fIpagesize\fP][ pln\fR]
  294. Browse.
  295. Print a `page', normally 20 lines.
  296. The optional
  297. .L +
  298. (default) or
  299. .L -
  300. specifies whether the next or previous
  301. page is to be printed.
  302. The optional
  303. .I pagesize
  304. is the number of lines in a page.
  305. The optional
  306. .LR p ,
  307. .LR n ,
  308. or
  309. .L l
  310. causes printing in the specified format, initially
  311. .LR p .
  312. Pagesize and format are remembered between
  313. .L b
  314. commands.
  315. Dot is left at the last line displayed.
  316. .TP
  317. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|c
  318. .br
  319. .ns
  320. .TP
  321. <text>
  322. .br
  323. .ns
  324. .TP
  325. .B .
  326. Change.
  327. Delete the addressed lines, then accept input
  328. text to replace these lines.
  329. Dot is left at the last line input; if there were none,
  330. it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
  331. .TP
  332. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|d
  333. Delete the addressed lines from the buffer.
  334. Dot is set to the line following the last line deleted, or to
  335. the last line of the buffer if the deleted lines had no successor.
  336. .TP
  337. .BI e " filename"
  338. Edit.
  339. Delete the entire contents of the buffer;
  340. then read the named file into the buffer.
  341. Dot is set to the last line of the buffer.
  342. The number of characters read is typed.
  343. The file name is remembered for possible use in later
  344. .LR e ,
  345. .LR r ,
  346. or
  347. .L w
  348. commands.
  349. If
  350. .I filename
  351. is missing, the remembered name is used.
  352. .TP
  353. .BI E " filename"
  354. Unconditional
  355. .LR e ;
  356. see
  357. .RL ` q '
  358. below.
  359. .TP
  360. .BI f " filename"
  361. Print the currently remembered file name.
  362. If
  363. .I filename
  364. is given,
  365. the currently remembered file name is first changed to
  366. .IR filename .
  367. .TP
  368. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
  369. .PD 0
  370. .TP
  371. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/
  372. .TP
  373. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP
  374. .PD
  375. Global.
  376. First mark every line which matches
  377. the given
  378. .IR regular expression .
  379. Then for every such line, execute the
  380. .I command list
  381. with dot initially set to that line.
  382. A single command or the first of multiple commands
  383. appears on the same line with the global command.
  384. All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must end with
  385. .LR \e .
  386. The
  387. .RB \&` \&. \&'
  388. terminating input mode for an
  389. .LR a ,
  390. .LR i ,
  391. .L c
  392. command may be omitted if it would be on the
  393. last line of the command list.
  394. The commands
  395. .L g
  396. and
  397. .L v
  398. are not permitted in the command list.
  399. Any character other than space or newline may
  400. be used instead of
  401. .L /
  402. to delimit the regular expression.
  403. The second and third forms mean
  404. .BI g/ regular\ expression /p \f1.
  405. .TP
  406. .RB (\| .\| ) \|i
  407. .PD 0
  408. .TP
  409. <text>
  410. .TP
  411. .B .
  412. Insert the given text before the addressed line.
  413. Dot is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
  414. at the line before the addressed line.
  415. This command differs from the
  416. .I a
  417. command only in the placement of the
  418. text.
  419. .PD
  420. .TP
  421. .RB (\| .,.+1 \|) \|j
  422. Join the addressed lines into a single line;
  423. intermediate newlines are deleted.
  424. Dot is left at the resulting line.
  425. .TP
  426. .RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|k\fIx\fP
  427. Mark the addressed line with name
  428. .IR x ,
  429. which must be a lower-case letter.
  430. The address form
  431. .BI \' x
  432. then addresses this line.
  433. .ne 2.5
  434. .TP
  435. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|l
  436. List.
  437. Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
  438. a tab is printed as
  439. .LR \et ,
  440. a backspace as
  441. .LR \eb ,
  442. backslashes as
  443. .LR \e\e ,
  444. and non-printing characters as
  445. a backslash, an
  446. .LR x ,
  447. and four hexadecimal digits.
  448. Long lines are folded,
  449. with the second and subsequent sub-lines indented one tab stop.
  450. If the last character in the line is a blank,
  451. it is followed by
  452. .LR \en .
  453. An
  454. .L l
  455. may be appended, like
  456. .LR p ,
  457. to any non-I/O command.
  458. .TP
  459. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|m\fIa
  460. Move.
  461. Reposition the addressed lines after the line
  462. addressed by
  463. .IR a .
  464. Dot is left at the last moved line.
  465. .TP
  466. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|n
  467. Number.
  468. Perform
  469. .LR p ,
  470. prefixing each line with its line number and a tab.
  471. An
  472. .L n
  473. may be appended, like
  474. .LR p ,
  475. to any non-I/O command.
  476. .TP
  477. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|p
  478. Print the addressed lines.
  479. Dot is left at the last line printed.
  480. A
  481. .L p
  482. appended to any non-I/O command causes the then current line
  483. to be printed after the command is executed.
  484. .TP
  485. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|P
  486. This command is a synonym for
  487. .LR p .
  488. .TP
  489. .B q
  490. Quit the editor.
  491. No automatic write
  492. of a file is done.
  493. A
  494. .L q
  495. or
  496. .L e
  497. command is considered to be in error if the buffer has
  498. been modified since the last
  499. .LR w ,
  500. .LR q ,
  501. or
  502. .L e
  503. command.
  504. .TP
  505. .B Q
  506. Quit unconditionally.
  507. .TP
  508. .RB ( $ )\|r\ \fIfilename\fP
  509. Read in the given file after the addressed line.
  510. If no
  511. .I filename
  512. is given, the remembered file name is used.
  513. The file name is remembered if there were no
  514. remembered file name already.
  515. If the read is successful, the number of characters
  516. read is printed.
  517. Dot is left at the last line read from the file.
  518. .TP
  519. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/
  520. .PD 0
  521. .TP
  522. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/g
  523. .TP
  524. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP
  525. .PD
  526. Substitute.
  527. Search each addressed
  528. line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
  529. On each line in which
  530. .I n
  531. matches are found
  532. .RI ( n
  533. defaults to 1 if missing),
  534. the
  535. .IR n th
  536. matched string is replaced by the replacement specified.
  537. If the global replacement indicator
  538. .L g
  539. appears after the command,
  540. all subsequent matches on the line are also replaced.
  541. It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
  542. Any character other than space or newline
  543. may be used instead of
  544. .L /
  545. to delimit the regular expression
  546. and the replacement.
  547. Dot is left at the last line substituted.
  548. The third form means
  549. .BI s n / regular\ expression / replacement\fP/p\f1.
  550. The second
  551. .L /
  552. may be omitted if the replacement is
  553. empty.
  554. .IP
  555. An ampersand
  556. .L &
  557. appearing in the replacement
  558. is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
  559. The characters
  560. .BI \e n\f1,
  561. where
  562. .I n
  563. is a digit,
  564. are replaced by the text matched by the
  565. .IR n -th
  566. regular subexpression
  567. enclosed between
  568. .L (
  569. and
  570. .LR ) .
  571. When
  572. nested parenthesized subexpressions
  573. are present,
  574. .I n
  575. is determined by counting occurrences of
  576. .L (
  577. starting from the left.
  578. .IP
  579. A literal
  580. .LR & ,
  581. .LR / ,
  582. .L \e
  583. or newline may be included in a replacement
  584. by prefixing it with
  585. .LR \e .
  586. .TP
  587. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|t\|\fIa
  588. Transfer.
  589. Copy the addressed lines
  590. after the line addressed by
  591. .IR a .
  592. Dot is left at the last line of the copy.
  593. .TP
  594. .RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|u
  595. Undo.
  596. Restore the preceding contents
  597. of the first addressed line (sic), which must be the last line
  598. in which a substitution was made (double sic).
  599. .TP
  600. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
  601. This command is the same as the global command
  602. .L g
  603. except that the command list is executed with
  604. dot initially set to every line
  605. .I except
  606. those
  607. matching the regular expression.
  608. .TP
  609. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|w " \fIfilename\fP"
  610. Write the addressed lines to
  611. the given file.
  612. If the file does not exist,
  613. it is created with mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone).
  614. If no
  615. .I filename
  616. is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used.
  617. The file name is remembered if there were no
  618. remembered file name already.
  619. Dot is unchanged.
  620. If the write is successful, the number of characters written is
  621. printed.
  622. .TP
  623. .RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|W " \fIfilename\fP"
  624. Perform
  625. .LR w ,
  626. but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing file contents.
  627. .TP
  628. .RB ( $ ) \|=
  629. Print the line number of the addressed line.
  630. Dot is unchanged.
  631. .TP
  632. .BI ! shell\ command
  633. Send the remainder of the line after the
  634. .L !
  635. to
  636. .IR rc (1)
  637. to be interpreted as a command.
  638. Dot is unchanged.
  639. .TP
  640. .RB (\| .+1 )\|<newline>
  641. An address without a command is taken as a
  642. .L p
  643. command.
  644. A terminal
  645. .L /
  646. may be omitted from the address.
  647. A blank line alone is equivalent to
  648. .LR .+1p ;
  649. it is useful
  650. for stepping through text.
  651. .PP
  652. If an interrupt signal
  653. .SM (DEL)
  654. is sent,
  655. .I ed
  656. prints a
  657. .L ?
  658. and returns to its command level.
  659. .PP
  660. When reading a file,
  661. .I ed
  662. discards
  663. .SM NUL
  664. characters
  665. and all characters after the last newline.
  666. .SH FILES
  667. .B /tmp/e*
  668. .br
  669. .B ed.hup
  670. \ \ work is saved here if terminal hangs up
  671. .SH SOURCE
  672. .B /sys/src/cmd/ed.c
  673. .SH "SEE ALSO"
  674. .IR sam (1),
  675. .IR sed (1),
  676. .IR regexp (6)
  677. .SH DIAGNOSTICS
  678. .BI ? name
  679. for inaccessible file;
  680. .L ?TMP
  681. for temporary file overflow;
  682. .L ?
  683. for errors in commands or other overflows.